What Works for Women and Girls

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Nguyen, H., H. T. Nyugen, H. Le, T. Nguyen, G. Le, T. Le, H. Pham and M. Wolfe. 2008d. “Improving Accessto HIV Care and Treatment among Drug Users and Sex Workers through Peer Outreach Program: LessonsLearned from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.” Abstract THPE0545. XVII International AIDS Conference.Mexico City, Mexico. August 3–8.Nguyen, T., P. Oosterhoff, A. Hardon, H. Tran, R. Coutino and P. Wright. 2008e. “A Hidden HIV Epidemicamong Women in Vietnam.” BMC Public Health 8: 37.Nguyen, T., P. Oosterhoff, Y. Ngoc, P. Wright and A. Hardon. 2008f. “Barriers to Access to Prevention of Motherto-ChildTransmission for HIV Positive Women in a Well-resourced Setting in Vietnam.” AIDS Research andTherapy 5: 7.Nguyen, V. and M. Scannapieco. 2008. “Drug Abuse in Vietnam: A Critical Review of the Literature andImplications for Future Research.” Addition Review 103: 535–543.Nicastri, E., S. Leone, C. Angeletti, L. Palmisano, L. Sarmati, A. Chiesi, A. Geraci, S. Vella, P. Narciso, A. Corpolongoand M. Andreoni. 2007. “Sex Issues in HIV-1-infected Persons during Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy:A Systematic Review.” Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 60: 724–732.Nielsen-Saines, K., M. Melo, I. Varella, R. Fonseca, R. Lira, M. Turella, I. Canti, C. Campello, A. Moreira and B.Santos. 2008. “Primary HIV-1 Infection during Pregnancy: High Rate of HIV-1 MTCT in a Cohort of Patientsin Southern Brazil.” Retrovirology 5 (Supplement 1): OI.Nissapatorn, V., I. Kuppusamy, B. Sim, Q. Kia Fatt and A. Khairul Anuar. 2006. “Pulmonary Tuberculosis in aHospital Setting: Gender Differences.” Journal of the Royal Institute of Public Health 120: 441–443.Niyirenda, L, P. Nkhonjera and B. Simwaka. 2008. “’You Must Openly Disclose Your HIV Serostatus or You Won’tBenefit from Community Home-based Care Services” : Leaving out the Fearful from Care and Support.”Abstract THPE0698. XVII International AIDS Conference. Mexico City, Mexico. August 3–8.Noel, F., S. Mehta, Y. Zhu, P. Rouzier, A. Marcelin, J. shi, C. Nolte, L. Severe, M. Deschamps, D. Fitzgerald,W. Johnson, P. Wright and J. Pape. 2008. “Improving Outcomes in Infants of HIV-infected Women in aDeveloping Country Setting.” PLoS One 3 (11): e3723.Norman, A., M. Chopra and S. Kadiyala. 2007. “Factors Related to HIV Disclosure in 2 South AfricanCommunities.” American Journal of Public Health 97 (10): 1775–1781.Norr, K., B. McElmurray, S. Tlou and M. Moeti. 2004. “Impact of Peer Group Education on HIV Preventionamong Women in Botswana.” Health Care for Women International 25: 210–226.Nour, N. 2006. “Health Consequences of Child Marriage in Africa.” Emergining Infectious Diseases 12 (11):1644–1649.Ntanda, H., P. Olupot-Olupot, P. Mugyenyi, C. Kityo, R. Lowes, C. Cooper, V. Lima and E. Mills. 2009.“Orphanhood Predicts Delayed Access to Care in Ugandan Children.” The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal:Orphans and HIV 28(2): 153–155.Nussenblatt, V., N. Kumwenda, V. Lema, T. Quinn, M. Neville, R. Broadhead, T. Taha and R. Semba. 2006. “Effectof Antibiotic Treatment of Subclinical Mastitis on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in HumanMilk.” Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 52(5): 311–315.Nuwaha, F., E. Tumwesigye, S. Kasasa, S. Asiimwe,, G. Wana, M. Achom, D. Kabatesi, S. Malamba, J. Tappero andS. Gupta. 2009. “Population-level Changes of HIV Status, Stigma and HIV Risk Behavior after District-wideDoor-to-Door Voluntary Counseling and Testing: Bushenyi District, Uganda.” 16 th Conference on Retrovirusesand Opportunistic Infections. Montreal, Canada.484 REFERENCES
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WHAT WORKSFOR WOMEN AND GIRLSEviden
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Authors:Jill Gay, MAKaren Hardee, P
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Jose Esparza, MD, Ph.D.Senior Advis
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Shyam Kottilil, MD, Ph.D.Staff Clin
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Larry Slutsker, MD, MPHChief, Malar
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Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
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List of Abbreviations3TCACTAHIANCAP
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PEPPHAPHRPIDPLHAPMTCTPPEPPTPRPTPRBP
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MethodologyMeasuring “what works
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2. Hormonal contraception is safe f
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outcomes has been more difficult to
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2. Promoting contraceptives and fam
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International Political Commitments
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established national action plans o
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Organization of the DocumentThis do
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Table 1.1Countries included in What
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understanding the epidemic in any g
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girls in school, for example. The c
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Within each intervention, studies a
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Chapter 3.Prevention for WomenA. Ma
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Special Risks for WomenStill, despi
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AIDS cases reported from 1982 to 20
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experience observed in clinical tri
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Female Condoms Are the Only Female-
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condom if it gives them more pleasu
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Correct use of the female condom ha
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A two month prospective study from
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A study of trends from Demographic
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8. Peer education for women can inc
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3B. Prevention for Women: Partner R
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matic focus on partner reduction, y
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of HIV acquisition, but were either
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four visits, each participant was i
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What Works—Prevention for Women:
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vention immediately following the b
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Chapter 4.Prevention for Key Affect
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2010). Transgender men and women al
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confidentiality—violate human rig
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there were major socio-demographic
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and post-intervention were used to
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tent condom use and 1.5 times more
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to their peers, distribute condoms
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Gaps in Programming—Female Sex Wo
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of a sexual relationship with a pri
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than were naltrexone or placebo. HI
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attributed to …swift introduction
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Promising Strategies:5. Sex-segrega
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9. Programming to prevent initiatio
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D’Ivoire, Cuba, Estonia, Indonesi
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Gaps in Programming—Women Prisone
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Vol
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In fact, as of September 2008, 66 o
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Transgender women and men are often
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2009). “The invisibility and marg
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especially young women, have their
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negotiation skills and other critic
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to be reached with sex and HIV educ
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What Works—Prevention for Young P
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44% and 100% of participants (Kirby
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tudes, self-efficacy, intentions, a
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as young people in this area had li
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ical validity of the findings that
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study reported having received info
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nancy. Almost 87% of men and 89% of
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last sex, having ever used a condom
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Gap noted, for example, in South Af
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Disaggregated Data Is NeededEffecti
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were also effective in increasing u
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Chapter 6.HIV Testing and Counselin
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Equitable Access to Testing and Cou
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they would come for HIV testing, re
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their jobs (Human Rights Watch, 200
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What Works—HIV Testing and Counse
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women. Of all married HIV-positive
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A study in Ethiopia found that inco
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At a provincial hospital in Mombasa
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Between June and December 2007, mob
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Promising Strategies:6. Encouraging
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10. Counseling may reduce risk beha
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women learned violence prevention s
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Chapter 7.TreatmentA. Provision and
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Treatment Has Been Successfully Adm
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HIV Prevention Is Needed as well as
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Gaps in Programming—Provision and
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These practices and tools are usefu
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Non-judgmental, non-stigmatizing in
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percent among ART-experienced patie
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(Donnell et al., 2010). (Abstract)
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The sexual health of women is an im
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[ for women living with HIV]: impro
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Available GuidelinesA number of sex
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advantages of dual method use, alon
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contraception: 57% used hormonal co
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different; and progression to WHO c
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HIV-related behavioral or biologic
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use was positively associated with
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Gaps in Programming—Meeting the S
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Interactions between ARVs and oral
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Chapter 9.Safe Motherhood and Preve
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Pillar 1: Preventing Primary HIV In
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mission of HIV. HIV testing and cou
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EVIDENCE1. Preventing unintended pr
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Gaps in Programming—Reducing Unin
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9B. Safe Motherhood and Preventiono
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Dis
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Gaps in Programming—Pre-Conceptio
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9C-1. Safe Motherhood and Preventio
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tion (Kershaw et al., 2006). “…
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outine tests. Fifty percent of the
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An evaluation of UNICEF-funded PMTC
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and syphilis (by rapid plasma regai
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2. Additional efforts are needed to
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for their own disease” (ITPC, 200
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own health needs has never been eva
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dine and lamivudine during pregnanc
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chose elective cesarean section to
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their current pregnancy or a past p
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Promising Strategies:5. Integrating
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Gaps in Programming—Treatment1. I
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cesarean, and 221 were non-elective
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3. Efforts are needed to ensure tha
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“There is no doubt that there are
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formula feeding increases the risk
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of age. For breastfed infants, the
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weeks of gestation and continued un
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A study in Côte d’Ivoire with 54
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during breastfeeding compared with
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3 times higher for infants who were
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counseling tools are needed. Studie
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Chapter 10.Preventing, Detecting an
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latent infection. Some immunocompro
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concurrent active TB and HIV infect
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mortality of HIV-positive people re
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in a 65% decline in mortality and t
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1. Efforts are needed to reduce TB-
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al., 2004 cited in Slutsker and Mar
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stillbirths by 33%. Three cluster-r
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Gaps in Programming—Malaria1. Fur
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dose global coverage was just 27% i
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Chapter 11.Strengthening the Enabli
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combining microfinance and training
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pants meeting once per week for thr
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the men believed that they should n
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in the intervention village were si
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positive impacts. The quasi-experim
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Samoa, Serbia and Montenegro, Thail
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factor associated with sexual assau
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What Works—Strengthening the Enab
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worked with women’s groups, radio
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of school in addressing gender-base
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11C. Strengthening the Enabling Env
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also widely used worldwide and part
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ecognize women’s property rights
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Promising Strategies:2. Community o
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11D. Strengthening the Enabling Env
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more likely to report having used a
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likely than illiterate women to kno
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of the women surveyed were HIV-posi
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countries extending the fee aboliti
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families and separated from their c
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used the resource “Understanding
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6. Support groups for people living
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11G. Strengthening the Enabling Env
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Inv
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Chapter 12.Care and SupportA. Women
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ical care provided by family member
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dealing with their sorrow, grief, a
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What Works—Care and Support: Wome
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2. Peer support groups can be highl
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discriminated unjustly against them
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6. Home-based antiretroviral therap
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12B. Care and Support: Orphans and
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(Thurman et al., 2007). As of 2008,
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care and services were provided, wh
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for treatment can be safely monitor
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A study done in Kenya (year not giv
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ather than a narrowly defined HIV/A
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7. Further interventions to provide
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ning providers, antenatal care and
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What Works—Structuring Health Ser
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counts available at primary health
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Pregnant women reported feeling out
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Before implementation of the PMTCT
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accessing PMTCT. An evaluation of 3
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A mathematical model based on TB tr
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1. Improved integration is needed b
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15. Additional efforts are needed t
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Community-based Care is holistic ca
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Microfinance is often defined as fi
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Sexuality is a central aspect of be
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References 1Aaron, E. and S. Crinit
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Akabaysh, H. and G. Psacharopoulos.
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Andia, I., A. Kaida, M. Maier, D. G
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Auvert, B., D. Taljaard, E. Lagarde
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Barker, P., C. McCanno, N. Mehta, C
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Berer, M. 2008b. “Male Circumcisi
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Bong, C-N., S. Chen, Y-J. Jong, T-S
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Brou, H., G. Djohan, R. Becquet, G.
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Campbell, L. and M. Lambey. 2002.
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Chama, C., W. Gashau and S. Oguche.
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Chimwaza, A., J. Chimango, C. Kapon
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Cluver L. and F. Gardner. 2007. “
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Coovadia, H. 2004. “Antiretrovira
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De Bruyn, M. 2006a. There’s Nothi
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Dharmadhikari, A., J Gupta, M. Deck
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Druce, N. and A. Nolan. 2007. “Se
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Epstein H. 2009. “Universal volun
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Farrell, B. and N. Rajani. 2007.
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