What Works for Women and Girls

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Kirby D, B.A. Laris and Lori Rolleri. 2005. “Impact of Sex and HIV Education Programs on Sexual Behaviorsof Youth in Developing Countries and Developed Countries.” Youth Research Working Paper No. 2. ResearchTriangle Park, NC: Family Health International.Kirby D. 2001. Emerging Answers: Research Findings on Programmes to Reduce Teen Pregnancy. Washington DC:National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.Kirungi, W., E. Madraa, N. Namuwenge, E. Namagala, F. Lule and A. Alisalad. 2008a. “Correlates of Adherenceto Antiretroviral Therapy across Multiple Programmes in Uganda.” Abstract THPE0112. XVII InternationalAIDS Conference. Mexico City, Mexico. August 3–8.Kirungi, W., N. Namuwenge, E. Maadraa, E. Namagala, F. Lule, and A. Alisalad. 2008b. “Sexual Behaviour ofHIV-infected Individuals Attending ART Programmes in Uganda.” Abstract WEPE0047. XVII InternationalAIDS Conference. Mexico City, Mexico. August 3–8.Kishamawe, C., D. Vissers, M. Urassa, R. Isingo, G. Mwaludo, G. Borsboom, H. Voeten, B. Zaba, D. Habbemaand S. de Vlas. 2006. “Mobility and HIV in Tanzania Couples: Both Mobile Persons and their Partners ShowIncreased Risk.” AIDS 20: 601–608.Kitahata, M., S. Gange, A. Abraham, B. Merriman, M. Saag, A. Justice, R. Hogg, S. Deeks, J. Eron, J. Brooks,S. Rourke, J. Gill, R. Bosch, J. Martin, M. Klein, L. Jacobson, B. Rodriguez, T. Sterling, G. Kirk, S. Napravnik,A. Rachlis, L. Calzavara, M. Horberg, M. Silverberg, K. Gebo, J. Goedert, C. Benson, A. Collier, S. Van Rompaey,H. Crane, R. McKaig, B. Lau, A. Freeman and R. Moore for the NA-ACCORD Investigators. 2009. “Effectof Early versus Deferred Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV on Survival.” The New England Journal of Medicine360: 1–12.Kitchener, H., L. Nelson, J. Adams, D. Mesher, P. Sasieni, H. Cubie, C. Moore, I. Heard, A. Agarossi, E. Casolati,L. Denny, C. Bradbeer, F. Lyons, G. Beattie and T. Niemec. 2007. “Colposcopy is Not Necessary to Assess theRisk to the Cervix in HIV-Positive Women: An International Cohort Study of Cervical Pathology in HIV-1Positive Women.” International Journal of Cancer 121: 2484–2491.Kitzo, D., P. Woodburn, B. Kesande, C. Ameke, J. Nabulime, M. Muwanga, H. Grosskurth and A. Elliot. 2008.“Uptake of HIV and Syphilis Testing of Pregnant Women and Their Male Partners in a Programme forPrevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission in Uganda.” Tropical Medicine and International Health13 (5): 680–682.Kivihya-Ndugga, L., M. van Cleeff, L. Ng’ang’a, H. Meme, J. Odhiambo and P. Klaster. 2005. “Sex-specificPerformance of Routine TB Diagnostic Tests.” The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease9(3): 294–300.Klausner, J. 2009. “Frequency of Syphilis Testing in HIV-infected Patients: More and More Often.” SexuallyTransmitted Diseases 36 (2): 86–87.Kloos, H., Y. Assefa, A. Adugna, M. Mulatu and D. Mariam. 2007. “Utilization of Antiretroviral Treatment inEthiopia between February and December 2006: Spatial, Temporal, and Demographic patterns.” InternationalJournal of Health Geographics 6(45):Klotz, S., H. Nguyen, T. Pham, L. Nguyen, D. Ngo and S. Vu. 2007. “Clinical Features of HIV/AIDS PatientsPresenting to an Inner City Clinic in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.” International Journal of STD & AIDS18: 482–485.Knauth, D., R. Barbosa and K. Hopkins. 2003. “Between Personal Wishes and Medical ‘Prescription’: Modeof Delivery and Post-partum Sterilization among Women with HIV in Brazil.” Reproductive Health Matters11(22): 113–121.462 REFERENCES
Knerr, W., McEachran, J. and Philpott, A. 2009. Promoting Sexual Health and Rights through Pleasure: A LiteratureReview. Oxford/Delhi: Taking Action for Sexual Health.Knox, A., N. Cuvvury and N. Milici. 2007. “Connecting Rights to Reality: A Progressive Framework of Core LegalProtections for Women’s Property Rigths.” Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women.Kobayashi, J. 2001. “Psychiatric Issues,” in A Guide to the Clinical Care of Women with HIV, edited by J. Anderson.Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services. Web site: www.hab.hrsa.gov/.Koenig, M., I. Zablostka, T. Lutalo, F. Nalugoda, J. Wagman and R. Gray. 2004. “Coerced First Intercourse andReproductive Health among Adolescent Women in Rakai, Uganda.” International Family Planning Perspectives30 (4): 156–164.Koenig, M., T. Lutalo, F. Zhao, F. Nalugoda, F. Wabwire-Mangen, N. Kiwanuka, J. Wagman, D. Serwadda, M.Wawer and R. Gray. 2003. “Domestic Violence in Rural Uganda: Evidence From a Community-based Study.”Bulletin of the World Health Organization 81(1): 53–60.Komrower, J., K. Nyalali, C. Kishamanwe, B. Andrew, L. Medard, M. Kimaryo, J. Changalucha, and A. Obasi.2008. “Is the Education System in Tanzania Able to Deliver an Adolescent Sexual and Reproducitve HealthProgramme? The Experience from MEMA kwa Vijana.” Abstract TUPE0482. XVII International AIDSConference. Mexico City, Mexico. August 3–8.Koren, S., N. Dolzhanskaya and N. Khodakevich. 2008. “Comparative Description and Analysis of the BasicCharacteristics of a ‘Typical’ Patient with a Double Diagnosis of HIV and Drug Addiction at InfectiousDisease Centres and Drug Addiction Treatment Centres.” Abstract MOPE0649. XVII International AIDSConference. Mexico City, Mexico. August 3–8.Korenromp, E., C. Van Vliet, H. Grosskurth, A. Gavyole, C. Van der Ploeg, L. Fransen, R. Hayes and J. Habbema.2000. “Model-based Evaluation of Single-round Mass Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases for HIVControl in a Rural African Population.” AIDS 14(5): 573–593.Kottilil, S. 2010. Email to Jill Gay. January 1.Kottilil, S. 2009. Meeting with Jill Gay.Kottilil, S., J. Jackson and M. Polis. 2005. “Hepatitis B & Hepatitis C in HIV-infection.” Indian J Med Res 121:424–450.Krishnan, S., M. Dunbar, A. Minnis, C. Medlin, C. Gerdts and N. Padian. 2008. “Poverty, Gender Inequities, andWomen’s Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1136:101–110.Kroll, C. 2009. Presentation for UNAIDS session on “HIV, Human Rights and People Who Inject Drugs.” Nov.12. Washington, DC. Mr. Kroll is the UNODC Global Coordinator on HIV/AIDS.Krupitsky, E., E. Zvartau, D. Masalov, M. Tsoy, A. Burakov, V. Egorava, T. Didkenko, T. Romanova, E. Ivanova,A. Bespalov, E. Veritskaya, N. Nexnanov, A. Grinenko, C. O’Brien and G. Woody. 2006. “Naltrexone with orwithout Fluosetine for Preventing Relapse to Heroing Addiction in St. Petersburg, Russia.” Journal of SustanceAbuse Treatment 31: 319–328.Kuhn, L., M. Sinkala, K. Semrau, C. Kankasa, P. Kasonde, M. Mwiya, C.-C. Hu, W.-T. Tasi, D. Thea andG. Aldrovandi. 2010. “Elevations in Mortality Associated with Weaning Persist into the Second Year of Lifeamong Uninfected Children Born to HIV-infected Mothers.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 50: 437–444.Kuhn, L., C. Reitz and E. Abrams. 2009a. “Breastfeeding and AIDS in the Developing World.” Curr Opin Pediatr21: 83–93.WHAT WORKS FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS463
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WHAT WORKSFOR WOMEN AND GIRLSEviden
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Authors:Jill Gay, MAKaren Hardee, P
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Jose Esparza, MD, Ph.D.Senior Advis
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Shyam Kottilil, MD, Ph.D.Staff Clin
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Larry Slutsker, MD, MPHChief, Malar
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Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
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List of Abbreviations3TCACTAHIANCAP
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PEPPHAPHRPIDPLHAPMTCTPPEPPTPRPTPRBP
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MethodologyMeasuring “what works
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2. Hormonal contraception is safe f
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outcomes has been more difficult to
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2. Promoting contraceptives and fam
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International Political Commitments
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established national action plans o
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Organization of the DocumentThis do
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Table 1.1Countries included in What
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understanding the epidemic in any g
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girls in school, for example. The c
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Within each intervention, studies a
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Chapter 3.Prevention for WomenA. Ma
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Special Risks for WomenStill, despi
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AIDS cases reported from 1982 to 20
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experience observed in clinical tri
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Female Condoms Are the Only Female-
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condom if it gives them more pleasu
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Correct use of the female condom ha
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A two month prospective study from
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A study of trends from Demographic
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8. Peer education for women can inc
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3B. Prevention for Women: Partner R
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matic focus on partner reduction, y
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of HIV acquisition, but were either
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four visits, each participant was i
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What Works—Prevention for Women:
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vention immediately following the b
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Chapter 4.Prevention for Key Affect
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2010). Transgender men and women al
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confidentiality—violate human rig
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there were major socio-demographic
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and post-intervention were used to
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tent condom use and 1.5 times more
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to their peers, distribute condoms
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Gaps in Programming—Female Sex Wo
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of a sexual relationship with a pri
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than were naltrexone or placebo. HI
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attributed to …swift introduction
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Promising Strategies:5. Sex-segrega
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9. Programming to prevent initiatio
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D’Ivoire, Cuba, Estonia, Indonesi
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Gaps in Programming—Women Prisone
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Vol
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In fact, as of September 2008, 66 o
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Transgender women and men are often
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2009). “The invisibility and marg
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especially young women, have their
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negotiation skills and other critic
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to be reached with sex and HIV educ
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What Works—Prevention for Young P
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44% and 100% of participants (Kirby
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tudes, self-efficacy, intentions, a
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as young people in this area had li
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ical validity of the findings that
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study reported having received info
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nancy. Almost 87% of men and 89% of
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last sex, having ever used a condom
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Gap noted, for example, in South Af
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Disaggregated Data Is NeededEffecti
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were also effective in increasing u
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Chapter 6.HIV Testing and Counselin
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Equitable Access to Testing and Cou
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they would come for HIV testing, re
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their jobs (Human Rights Watch, 200
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What Works—HIV Testing and Counse
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women. Of all married HIV-positive
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A study in Ethiopia found that inco
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At a provincial hospital in Mombasa
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Between June and December 2007, mob
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Promising Strategies:6. Encouraging
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10. Counseling may reduce risk beha
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women learned violence prevention s
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Chapter 7.TreatmentA. Provision and
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Treatment Has Been Successfully Adm
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HIV Prevention Is Needed as well as
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Gaps in Programming—Provision and
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These practices and tools are usefu
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Non-judgmental, non-stigmatizing in
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percent among ART-experienced patie
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(Donnell et al., 2010). (Abstract)
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The sexual health of women is an im
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[ for women living with HIV]: impro
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Available GuidelinesA number of sex
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advantages of dual method use, alon
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contraception: 57% used hormonal co
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different; and progression to WHO c
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HIV-related behavioral or biologic
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use was positively associated with
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Gaps in Programming—Meeting the S
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Interactions between ARVs and oral
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Chapter 9.Safe Motherhood and Preve
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Pillar 1: Preventing Primary HIV In
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mission of HIV. HIV testing and cou
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EVIDENCE1. Preventing unintended pr
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Gaps in Programming—Reducing Unin
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9B. Safe Motherhood and Preventiono
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Dis
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Gaps in Programming—Pre-Conceptio
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9C-1. Safe Motherhood and Preventio
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tion (Kershaw et al., 2006). “…
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outine tests. Fifty percent of the
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An evaluation of UNICEF-funded PMTC
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and syphilis (by rapid plasma regai
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2. Additional efforts are needed to
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for their own disease” (ITPC, 200
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own health needs has never been eva
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dine and lamivudine during pregnanc
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chose elective cesarean section to
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their current pregnancy or a past p
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Promising Strategies:5. Integrating
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Gaps in Programming—Treatment1. I
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cesarean, and 221 were non-elective
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3. Efforts are needed to ensure tha
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“There is no doubt that there are
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formula feeding increases the risk
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of age. For breastfed infants, the
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weeks of gestation and continued un
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A study in Côte d’Ivoire with 54
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during breastfeeding compared with
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3 times higher for infants who were
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counseling tools are needed. Studie
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Chapter 10.Preventing, Detecting an
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latent infection. Some immunocompro
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concurrent active TB and HIV infect
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mortality of HIV-positive people re
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in a 65% decline in mortality and t
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1. Efforts are needed to reduce TB-
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al., 2004 cited in Slutsker and Mar
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stillbirths by 33%. Three cluster-r
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Gaps in Programming—Malaria1. Fur
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dose global coverage was just 27% i
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Chapter 11.Strengthening the Enabli
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combining microfinance and training
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pants meeting once per week for thr
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the men believed that they should n
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in the intervention village were si
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positive impacts. The quasi-experim
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Samoa, Serbia and Montenegro, Thail
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factor associated with sexual assau
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What Works—Strengthening the Enab
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worked with women’s groups, radio
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of school in addressing gender-base
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11C. Strengthening the Enabling Env
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also widely used worldwide and part
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ecognize women’s property rights
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Promising Strategies:2. Community o
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11D. Strengthening the Enabling Env
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more likely to report having used a
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likely than illiterate women to kno
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of the women surveyed were HIV-posi
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countries extending the fee aboliti
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families and separated from their c
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used the resource “Understanding
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6. Support groups for people living
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11G. Strengthening the Enabling Env
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Inv
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Chapter 12.Care and SupportA. Women
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ical care provided by family member
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dealing with their sorrow, grief, a
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What Works—Care and Support: Wome
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2. Peer support groups can be highl
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discriminated unjustly against them
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6. Home-based antiretroviral therap
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12B. Care and Support: Orphans and
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(Thurman et al., 2007). As of 2008,
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care and services were provided, wh
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for treatment can be safely monitor
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A study done in Kenya (year not giv
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ather than a narrowly defined HIV/A
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7. Further interventions to provide
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ning providers, antenatal care and
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What Works—Structuring Health Ser
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counts available at primary health
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Pregnant women reported feeling out
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Before implementation of the PMTCT
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accessing PMTCT. An evaluation of 3
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A mathematical model based on TB tr
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1. Improved integration is needed b
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15. Additional efforts are needed t
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Community-based Care is holistic ca
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Microfinance is often defined as fi
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Sexuality is a central aspect of be
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References 1Aaron, E. and S. Crinit
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Akabaysh, H. and G. Psacharopoulos.
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Andia, I., A. Kaida, M. Maier, D. G
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Auvert, B., D. Taljaard, E. Lagarde
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Barker, P., C. McCanno, N. Mehta, C
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Berer, M. 2008b. “Male Circumcisi
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“What Works compiles a wealth of
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