What Works for Women and Girls

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Authors:Jill Gay, MAKaren Hardee, PhDMelanie Croce-Galis, RN, MPHShannon Kowalski, MPAwithChanelle Gutari, MPHClaire Wingfi eld, MPHKimberly Rovin, MPHKristine BerzinSuggested citation:Gay, J. 1 , Hardee, K. 2 , Croce-Galis, M. 3 , Kowalski, S. 4 , Gutari, C. 5 , Wingfi eld, C. 6 , Rovin, K. 7 ,Berzins, K. 8 . 2010. What Works for Women and Girls: Evidence for HIV/AIDS Interventions.New York: Open Society Institute. www.whatworksforwomen.orgCopyright © Open Society Institute. All rights reserved.1Public Health Consultant2Vice President for Research, Population Action International3Global Health Consultant, Artemis Global Consulting4Senior Program Offi cer, Open Society Institute5MPH candidate, The George Washington University6TB/HIV Project Coordinator, Treatment Action Group7Ph.D. Student, Michigan State University and Former Research Associate, Population Action International8Research Analyst, Population Action International2
Page 1: WHAT WORKSFOR WOMEN AND GIRLSEviden
Page 6 and 7: J. Winchester Brown, Ph.D.Senior Mo
Page 8 and 9: Françoise Girard, MA, LLBDirectorP
Page 10 and 11: Judith PolskyProgramme AdviserUNAID
Page 12 and 13: In addition to the authors, a numbe
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 6. HIV Testing and Counseli
Page 16 and 17: GFATM Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tu
Page 19 and 20: Executive SummaryBackgroundFor more
Page 21: What works in prevention for women:
Page 25 and 26: 2. For women who are pregnant and n
Page 27 and 28: Care and SupportUnder care and supp
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 1.IntroductionFor more than
Page 31 and 32: Global Initiatives on Women, Girls
Page 33 and 34: not intended to be an exhaustive re
Page 35 and 36: Scope of the EvidenceThis document
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 2.MethodologyOver the past
Page 39 and 40: was obtained and reviewed. The lead
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.1Gray Scale of the Strength
Page 43: Table 2.2Number of Studies Supporti
Page 46 and 47: Sexual behaviors and the sharing of
Page 48 and 49: and a number of promising strategie
Page 50 and 51: Critical Prevention Approaches Unde
Page 52 and 53: 3A. Prevention for Women: Male and
Page 54 and 55:
“It is always men who dictatewhen
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EVIDENCE1. Consistent use of male c
Page 58 and 59:
of a year led to small but signific
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one HIV education program by traine
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A nationally representative survey
Page 64 and 65:
Gaps in Programming—Male and Fema
Page 66 and 67:
women are at high risk of acquiring
Page 68 and 69:
among urban male youth aged 15 to 2
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circumcision alone, men are not ful
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transmit HIV. Providing male circum
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infection, which greatly increases
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1. Interventions are needed to scre
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female injecting drug users in East
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protective. In an analysis of 100%
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EVIDENCE1. Comprehensive prevention
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tion committee with high government
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collective commitment approach that
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ongoing after the study (Ngugi et a
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state of West Bengal. Review of Dur
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4. HIV and AIDS programmes are disr
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What Works—Prevention for Key Aff
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Evidence from prospective cohort an
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In China, methadone maintenance tre
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6. Women’s clubs along with peer
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2. HIV prevention information and s
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needles and razors, with almost 100
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of Congo, southern Sudan, Rwanda, U
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1. Prevention, treatment and servic
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4F. Prevention for Key Affected Pop
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1. HIV prevention interventions and
Page 115 and 116:
Chapter 5.Prevention for Young Peop
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Improving Condom Use Among Young Pe
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Some countries have scaled up sexua
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cited in Mathur et al., 2003: 9). G
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Evaluated programs were curriculum
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classes, a total of 16 hours, and m
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training programs. The lecturers we
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and 14 times more likely to have vi
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starts the sessions we would say,
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including men for whom the proporti
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term and long-term attitudes change
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Gaps in Programming—Encouraging B
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7. Intensified efforts are needed t
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What Works—Prevention for Young P
Page 143:
1. Interventions are needed to incr
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More Testing Modalities Enable More
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Women’s Barriers to Testing Go Be
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Women Must Have a Choice in Testing
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Early Testing and Testing in the Er
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to those who received health educat
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more frequent intercourse with cond
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other reproductive health services
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A 2006 and still ongoing study unti
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In Uganda, through mobile and home-
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for HIV. Among women, 68% of those
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11. Incorporating discussions of al
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2. Efforts are needed to identify o
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uption of therapy, the virus and ri
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However, in the 15 to 19 year age g
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Geneva, Switzerland (November 2-4,
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“I started HIV medication in 2006
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Treatment May Be a Successful Strat
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EVIDENCE1. Providing antiretroviral
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viral load below 400 copies/ml but
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Chapter 8.Meeting the Sexual and Re
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Integrating HIV and Contraceptive S
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AIDS, and STIs, if they receive ade
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What Works—Meeting the Sexual and
Page 193 and 194:
A pre-post study from 2004 to 2008
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for infectivity) were inconsistent
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An open label pharmacokinetic study
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68% male, 52% Black (Healthy Living
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8. Promoting condom use for contrac
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et al., 2004); Argentina, Mexico, P
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13. Interventions providing informa
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(Remien et al., 2009). In Cambodia,
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health facilities have traditionall
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good care to women and their infant
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tive use and the number of unwanted
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2. Programs must adhere to the long
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aging, access to these treatments r
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A 2008 review of the global literat
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9C. Safe Motherhood and Preventiono
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program in labor and delivery (Kiss
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What Works—Safe Motherhood and Pr
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An exploratory cross-sectional surv
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were more likely to discuss family
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(Auvert et al., 2005; Bailey et al.
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7. Further interventions are needed
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as a result of the potential to pre
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What Works—Safe Motherhood and Pr
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the current pregnancy. The study al
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HIV acquisition was low birth weigh
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HIV-positive mothers, mortality was
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Training a key obstetrician on anti
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manifested before being switched to
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A study in Nigeria of 1,138 babies
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postnatal HIV transmission. These i
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Infant Feeding Research Offers Comp
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EVIDENCE1. ARVs, when used for trea
Page 258 and 259:
of six months of age suggests that
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transmission by 28 weeks among thos
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found much lower rates of contracep
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A 2001-2005 South African intervent
Page 266 and 267:
their children to be immunized, 94%
Page 268 and 269:
8. Meeting the Sexual and Reproduct
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10A. Preventing, Detecting and Trea
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There Are Gendered Dynamics in TB P
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TB incidence rates under routine cl
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There is very little sex-disaggrega
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Promising Strategies:2. Screening f
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pregnancies as a consequence of rep
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spraying for HIV-positive women who
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A study that analyzed medical recor
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4. Further research is needed on in
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PCR tests are used to detect hepati
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Strengthening the enabling environm
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“Reflections on men and HIV/AIDS
Page 294 and 295:
What Works—Strengthening the Enab
Page 296 and 297:
An evaluation of the Stepping Stone
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three times, 200 young people in fo
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Gap noted, for example, in Lao Peop
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al., 2000: 466). For example, a stu
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clinical practice (
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A campaign in South Africa, One Man
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3. Microfinance programs can lead t
Page 310 and 311:
Gaps in Programming—Addressing Vi
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is also critical to addressing the
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security and empowerment, thereby r
Page 316 and 317:
share gender equitable laws are als
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Gaps in Programming—Transforming
Page 320 and 321:
Condom use is an example of this. W
Page 322 and 323:
ates of loan repayment and business
Page 324 and 325:
1. Expansion and scaling up of inte
Page 326 and 327:
Africa and found that HIV infection
Page 328 and 329:
oth sexes among urban young people
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Gap noted, for example, generally (
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promote stigmatizing attitudes towa
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people living with HIV. 35 focus gr
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eneficial in addition to individual
Page 338 and 339:
disclosure was to prevent further i
Page 340 and 341:
Women Need Support and Opportunitie
Page 342 and 343:
HIV/AIDS, resulting in increased pr
Page 344 and 345:
actually have a surviving parent”
Page 346 and 347:
Family Counseling and Basic HIV Inf
Page 348 and 349:
as gender norms that promote health
Page 350 and 351:
facilitated support and suggestions
Page 352 and 353:
more likely to have disclosed their
Page 354 and 355:
4. Training men to provide voluntar
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2. Interventions are needed to trai
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maternal orphans were found to have
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What Works—Care and Support: Orph
Page 362 and 363:
their parent’s status (from 16% t
Page 364 and 365:
a decrease in marginalization, incr
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A study with 1,400 adults in South
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1. Increased financial and other su
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Chapter 13.Structuring Health Servi
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“All national HIV prevention prog
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What Works—Structuring Health Ser
Page 377 and 378:
and women have unsafe abortions to
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views with program staff, three gro
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64%. Overall the marked improvement
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12. Conducting HIV testing and coun
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Gaps in Programming—Structuring H
Page 387 and 388:
9. Safe Motherhood and Prevention o
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Glossary of Terms 1Adolescents are
Page 391 and 392:
HIV Testing refers to immunologic t
Page 393 and 394:
Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is
Page 395:
Women Who Have Sex With Women (WSW)
Page 398 and 399:
Achmat, Z. and J. Simcock. 2007.
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Allen, C., Y. Simon, J. Edwards and
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Apondi, R., R. Bunnell, A. Awor, N.
Page 404 and 405:
Bakeera-Kitaka, S., N. Nabukeera-Ba
Page 406 and 407:
Beck, E. and N. Mays. 2006. “The
Page 408 and 409:
Birungi, H., F. Obare, J. Mugisha,
Page 410 and 411:
Bradley, H., D. Gillespie, A. Kidan
Page 412 and 413:
Burrows, D., and the AIDS Project M
Page 414 and 415:
Center for Advocacy on Stigma and M
Page 416 and 417:
Chen, X., Y. Yin, J. tucker, X. Gao
Page 418 and 419:
Chomba, E., S. Allen, W. Kanweka, A
Page 420 and 421:
Cohen, J. 2006c. “HIV/AIDS: Latin
Page 422 and 423:
Crepaz, N., C. Lyles, R. Wolitski,
Page 424 and 425:
Denny, L., R. Boa, A. Williamson, B
Page 426 and 427:
Dixon-Mueller, R. and A. Germain. 2
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Eckman, A. and B. Hersted. 2006. Ad
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Page 436 and 437:
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Page 438 and 439:
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB a
Page 440 and 441:
Gowing, L., M. Farrell, R. Borneman
Page 442 and 443:
Guimaraes, M., M. Wainberg, L. Camp
Page 444 and 445:
Hankins, C., S. Friedman, T. Zafar
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Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2007. Hid
Page 452 and 453:
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Kebede D., A. Alem, G. Mitike, F. E
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