What Works for Women and Girls

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Achmat, Z. and J. Simcock. 2007. “Combining Prevention, Treatment and Care: Lessons from South Africa.”AIDS 21 (Supplement 4): S11–S20.Adair, T. 2009. “Unmet Need for Contraception among HIV-Positive Women in Lesotho and Implications forMother-to-Child Transmission.” Journal of Biosocial Science 41: 269–278.Adam, Y., C. van Gelderen and K. Newell. 2008. “‘Look and Lletz’—a Chris Hani Baragwanath HospitalExperience.” South African Medical Journal 98 (2): 119–122.Adams, J, J. Bartram, Y Chartier, and J. Sims (Eds.). 2009. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Standards for Schoolsin Low-cost Settings. The World Health Organization. Geneva. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash_standards_school.pdf.Adamchak, S., K. Kiragu, C. Watson, M. Muhwezi, T. Nelson, A. Akia-Fiedler, R. Kibombo and M. Juma. 2007.“The Straight Talk Campaign in Uganda: Impact of Mass Media Initiatives, Summary Report.” Horizons FinalReport. Washington, DC: Population Council.Adato, M. and L. Bassett. 2008. What is the Potential of Cash Transfers to Strengthen Families Affected by HIVand AIDS? A Review of Evidence on Impacts and Key Policy Debates. Boston, MA: Joint Learning Initiative onChildren and HIV/AIDS (JLICA).Aderol, W., D. Soti, J. Penner, R. Marima, K. Oluoch, E. Bukusi and C. Cohen. 2008. “Towards Universal Access:Decentralization in Rural Kenya.” Abstract MOPE0091. XVII International AIDS Conference. Mexico City,Mexico. August 3–8.Adhikari, M. 2009. “Tuberculosis and tuberculosis/HIV co-infection in pregnancy.” Seminars in Fetal & NeonatalMedicine 14: 234–240.African Youth Alliance (AYA). 2007. Improving Health Improving Lives: AYA End of Year Programme Report. NewYork, NY: UNFPA.Agaba, P., T. Thacher, C. Ekwempu and J. Idoko. 2009. “Cervical Dysplasia in Nigerian Women Infected withHIV.” International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 107(2):99–102. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.06.006.Aggleton, P., E. Chase, K. Rivers and P. Tyrer. 2000. Innovative Approaches to HIV Prevention: Selected Case Studies.Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS.Agha, S. and R. Van Rossem. 2002. “Impact of Mass Media Campaigns on Intentions to Use the Female Condomin Tanzania.” International Family Planning Perspectives 28 (3): 151–158.Agha, S. 2001. “Patterns of Use of the Female Condom After One Year of Mass Marketing.” AIDS Education andPrevention 13 (1): 55–64.Agot, K., J. Kiarie, H. Nguyen, J. Odhiambo, T. Onyango and N. Weiss. 2007. “Male Circumcision in Siaya andBondo Districts, Kenya: Prospective Cohort Study to Assess Behavioral Disinhibition Following Circumcision.”Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 44: 66–70.AIDS Accountability International. 2009. The AIDS Accountability Scorecaard on Women 2009: Are GovernmentsKeeping their Promises? Rating Centre, South Africa. www.aidsaccountability.orgAIDS & Rights Alliance for Southern Africa (ARASA). 2009. HIV/AIDS & Human Rights in Southern Africa.Windhoek, Namibia. http://www.arasa.info.AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition (AVAC). 2007. Way to Protect against HIV? Understanding the Results of MaleCircumcision Studies for HIV Prevention. NY: AVAC. www.avac.org.Ajuwon, A., B. Olley, I. Akin-Jimoh and O. Akintola. 2001. “Sexual Coercion: Learning from the Perspectives ofAdolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria.” Reproductive Health Matters 9 (17): 128–136.396 REFERENCES
Akabaysh, H. and G. Psacharopoulos. 1999. “The Trade-Off between Child Labor and Human Capital Formation:A Tanzanian Case Study.” Journal of Development Studies 35 (5): 120–140.Akksilp, S., O. Karnawinpong, W. Wattanaamornkiat, D. Viriyakitja, P. Monkongdee, W. Sitti, D. Rienthong,T. Siraprapasiri, C. Wells, J. Tappero and J. Varmas. 2007. “Antiretroviral Therapy During TuberculosisTreatment and Marked Reduction in Death Rate of HIV-Infected Patients, Thailand.” Emerging InfectiousDiseases 13(7): 1001–1007.Akilu, L. 2008a. “Adolescents’ Assessment of their Ability to Negotiate Safer Sex: Findings from the DemocraticRepublic of Congo.” Abstract WEPE0836. XVII International AIDS Conference. Mexico City, Mexico. August3–8.Akilu, A. 2008b. “Understanding the Role Gender and Culture Play in HIV/AIDS: Findings from a QuantitativeStudy on Gender Attitudes and Norms in Somalia.” Abstract TUPE0692. XVII International AIDS Conference.Mexico City, Mexico. August 3–8.Aklilu, M., T. Messele, A. Tsegaye, T. Biru, D. Mariam, B. van Benthem, R. Coutinho, T. de Wit and A. Fontanet.2001. “Factors Associated with HIV-1 Infection among Sex Workers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.” AIDS 15 (1):87–96.Akinmurele, T., J. Farley, C. Morris, M. Gambo, A. Mohammed, P. Edaflogho, C. Agboghoroma, H. Galadanci,J. Ikechebelu and U. Nasir. 2008. “Scaling Up PMTCT Access Using a “Hub and Spoke” Model in Nigeria,Sub-Saharan Africa.” Abstract TUAB0305. XVII International AIDS Conference. Mexico City, Mexico.August 3–8.Akintola, O. 2006. “Gendered Home-Based Care in South Africa: More Trouble for the Troubled.” African Journalof AIDS Research 5 (3): 237–247.Akintola, O. 2003. “Health Consequences of Care-Giving for Caregivers of PLWAs in Semi-Rural South Africa.”Paper Presented at the Canadian Conference on International Health. Ontario, Canada. October 26–29.Alekseeva, E., T. Gruchukhina, O. Barkalova and D. Alekseeva. 2008a. “Impact of Differential Approaches toMass Media Campaigns: Moral or Effectiveness?” Abstract WEPE0463. XVII International AIDS Conference.Mexico City, Mexico. August 3–8.Alekseeva, D., C. Puplick, D. Stanley and A. Validas. 2008b. “Dispelling the Myths of HIV/AIDS Transmissionamongst Russian Youth through Narrowcase Communications.” Abstract WEPE0498. XVII InternationalAIDS Conference. Mexico City, Mexico. August 3–8.Alemu, H., D. Mariam, K. Belay and G. Davey. 2007. “Factors Disposing Out-of-School Youth to HIV/AIDS-Related Risky Sexual Behavior in Northwest Ethiopia.” Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 3: 344–350.Alexander, M., L. Garcia and S. Kanade. 2008. “‘Had to Be Done!’ Gender Differences in Marital Sexual InitiationExperiences and Correlates of Positive Experiences among Young Men and Women in Urban and Rural Areasin Pune, India.” Abstract TUPE0712. XVII International AIDS Conference. Mexico City, Mexico. August 3–8.Ali, M. and J. Cleland. 2005. “Sexual and Reproductive Behaviour among Single Women Aged 15–24 in EightLatin American Countries: A Comparative Analysis.” Social Science and Medicine 60: 1175–1185.Alisheva, D., J. Aleshkina and F. Buhuceanu. 2007. Access to Health Care for LGBT People in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan:Soros Foundation.All Party Parliamentary Group on AIDS. 2009. The Treatment Timebomb: Report of the Inquiry of the All PartyParliamentary Group on AIDS into Long-Term Access to HIV Medicines in the Developing World. London, UK.http://www.appg-aids.org.uk/.WHAT WORKS FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS397
Page 1:
WHAT WORKSFOR WOMEN AND GIRLSEviden
Page 4:
Authors:Jill Gay, MAKaren Hardee, P
Page 7 and 8:
Jose Esparza, MD, Ph.D.Senior Advis
Page 9 and 10:
Shyam Kottilil, MD, Ph.D.Staff Clin
Page 11 and 12:
Larry Slutsker, MD, MPHChief, Malar
Page 13 and 14:
Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
Page 15 and 16:
List of Abbreviations3TCACTAHIANCAP
Page 17:
PEPPHAPHRPIDPLHAPMTCTPPEPPTPRPTPRBP
Page 20 and 21:
MethodologyMeasuring “what works
Page 24 and 25:
2. Hormonal contraception is safe f
Page 26 and 27:
outcomes has been more difficult to
Page 28 and 29:
2. Promoting contraceptives and fam
Page 30 and 31:
International Political Commitments
Page 32 and 33:
established national action plans o
Page 34 and 35:
Organization of the DocumentThis do
Page 36 and 37:
Table 1.1Countries included in What
Page 38 and 39:
understanding the epidemic in any g
Page 40 and 41:
girls in school, for example. The c
Page 42 and 43:
Within each intervention, studies a
Page 45 and 46:
Chapter 3.Prevention for WomenA. Ma
Page 47 and 48:
Special Risks for WomenStill, despi
Page 49 and 50:
AIDS cases reported from 1982 to 20
Page 51 and 52:
experience observed in clinical tri
Page 53 and 54:
Female Condoms Are the Only Female-
Page 55 and 56:
condom if it gives them more pleasu
Page 57 and 58:
Correct use of the female condom ha
Page 59 and 60:
A two month prospective study from
Page 61 and 62:
A study of trends from Demographic
Page 63 and 64:
8. Peer education for women can inc
Page 65 and 66:
3B. Prevention for Women: Partner R
Page 67 and 68:
matic focus on partner reduction, y
Page 69 and 70:
of HIV acquisition, but were either
Page 71 and 72:
four visits, each participant was i
Page 73 and 74:
What Works—Prevention for Women:
Page 75 and 76:
vention immediately following the b
Page 77 and 78:
Chapter 4.Prevention for Key Affect
Page 79 and 80:
2010). Transgender men and women al
Page 81 and 82:
confidentiality—violate human rig
Page 83 and 84:
there were major socio-demographic
Page 85 and 86:
and post-intervention were used to
Page 87 and 88:
tent condom use and 1.5 times more
Page 89 and 90:
to their peers, distribute condoms
Page 91 and 92:
Gaps in Programming—Female Sex Wo
Page 93 and 94:
of a sexual relationship with a pri
Page 95 and 96:
than were naltrexone or placebo. HI
Page 97 and 98:
attributed to …swift introduction
Page 99 and 100:
Promising Strategies:5. Sex-segrega
Page 101 and 102:
9. Programming to prevent initiatio
Page 103 and 104:
D’Ivoire, Cuba, Estonia, Indonesi
Page 105 and 106:
Gaps in Programming—Women Prisone
Page 107 and 108:
EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Vol
Page 109 and 110:
In fact, as of September 2008, 66 o
Page 111 and 112:
Transgender women and men are often
Page 113:
2009). “The invisibility and marg
Page 116 and 117:
especially young women, have their
Page 118 and 119:
negotiation skills and other critic
Page 120 and 121:
to be reached with sex and HIV educ
Page 122 and 123:
What Works—Prevention for Young P
Page 124 and 125:
44% and 100% of participants (Kirby
Page 126 and 127:
tudes, self-efficacy, intentions, a
Page 128 and 129:
as young people in this area had li
Page 130 and 131:
ical validity of the findings that
Page 132 and 133:
study reported having received info
Page 134 and 135:
nancy. Almost 87% of men and 89% of
Page 136 and 137:
last sex, having ever used a condom
Page 138 and 139:
Gap noted, for example, in South Af
Page 140 and 141:
Disaggregated Data Is NeededEffecti
Page 142 and 143:
were also effective in increasing u
Page 145 and 146:
Chapter 6.HIV Testing and Counselin
Page 147 and 148:
Equitable Access to Testing and Cou
Page 149 and 150:
they would come for HIV testing, re
Page 151 and 152:
their jobs (Human Rights Watch, 200
Page 153 and 154:
What Works—HIV Testing and Counse
Page 155 and 156:
women. Of all married HIV-positive
Page 157 and 158:
A study in Ethiopia found that inco
Page 159 and 160:
At a provincial hospital in Mombasa
Page 161 and 162:
Between June and December 2007, mob
Page 163 and 164:
Promising Strategies:6. Encouraging
Page 165 and 166:
10. Counseling may reduce risk beha
Page 167 and 168:
women learned violence prevention s
Page 169 and 170:
Chapter 7.TreatmentA. Provision and
Page 171 and 172:
Treatment Has Been Successfully Adm
Page 173 and 174:
HIV Prevention Is Needed as well as
Page 175 and 176:
Gaps in Programming—Provision and
Page 177 and 178:
These practices and tools are usefu
Page 179 and 180:
Non-judgmental, non-stigmatizing in
Page 181 and 182:
percent among ART-experienced patie
Page 183:
(Donnell et al., 2010). (Abstract)
Page 186 and 187:
The sexual health of women is an im
Page 188 and 189:
[ for women living with HIV]: impro
Page 190 and 191:
Available GuidelinesA number of sex
Page 192 and 193:
advantages of dual method use, alon
Page 194 and 195:
contraception: 57% used hormonal co
Page 196 and 197:
different; and progression to WHO c
Page 198 and 199:
HIV-related behavioral or biologic
Page 200 and 201:
use was positively associated with
Page 202 and 203:
Gaps in Programming—Meeting the S
Page 204 and 205:
Interactions between ARVs and oral
Page 207 and 208:
Chapter 9.Safe Motherhood and Preve
Page 209 and 210:
Pillar 1: Preventing Primary HIV In
Page 211 and 212:
mission of HIV. HIV testing and cou
Page 213 and 214:
EVIDENCE1. Preventing unintended pr
Page 215 and 216:
Gaps in Programming—Reducing Unin
Page 217 and 218:
9B. Safe Motherhood and Preventiono
Page 219 and 220:
EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Dis
Page 221 and 222:
Gaps in Programming—Pre-Conceptio
Page 223 and 224:
9C-1. Safe Motherhood and Preventio
Page 225 and 226:
tion (Kershaw et al., 2006). “…
Page 227 and 228:
outine tests. Fifty percent of the
Page 229 and 230:
An evaluation of UNICEF-funded PMTC
Page 231 and 232:
and syphilis (by rapid plasma regai
Page 233 and 234:
2. Additional efforts are needed to
Page 235 and 236:
for their own disease” (ITPC, 200
Page 237 and 238:
own health needs has never been eva
Page 239 and 240:
dine and lamivudine during pregnanc
Page 241 and 242:
chose elective cesarean section to
Page 243 and 244:
their current pregnancy or a past p
Page 245 and 246:
Promising Strategies:5. Integrating
Page 247 and 248:
Gaps in Programming—Treatment1. I
Page 249 and 250:
cesarean, and 221 were non-elective
Page 251 and 252:
3. Efforts are needed to ensure tha
Page 253 and 254:
“There is no doubt that there are
Page 255 and 256:
formula feeding increases the risk
Page 257 and 258:
of age. For breastfed infants, the
Page 259 and 260:
weeks of gestation and continued un
Page 261 and 262:
A study in Côte d’Ivoire with 54
Page 263 and 264:
during breastfeeding compared with
Page 265 and 266:
3 times higher for infants who were
Page 267 and 268:
counseling tools are needed. Studie
Page 269 and 270:
Chapter 10.Preventing, Detecting an
Page 271 and 272:
latent infection. Some immunocompro
Page 273 and 274:
concurrent active TB and HIV infect
Page 275 and 276:
mortality of HIV-positive people re
Page 277 and 278:
in a 65% decline in mortality and t
Page 279 and 280:
1. Efforts are needed to reduce TB-
Page 281 and 282:
al., 2004 cited in Slutsker and Mar
Page 283 and 284:
stillbirths by 33%. Three cluster-r
Page 285 and 286:
Gaps in Programming—Malaria1. Fur
Page 287 and 288:
dose global coverage was just 27% i
Page 289 and 290:
Chapter 11.Strengthening the Enabli
Page 291 and 292:
combining microfinance and training
Page 293 and 294:
pants meeting once per week for thr
Page 295 and 296:
the men believed that they should n
Page 297 and 298:
in the intervention village were si
Page 299 and 300:
positive impacts. The quasi-experim
Page 301 and 302:
Samoa, Serbia and Montenegro, Thail
Page 303 and 304:
factor associated with sexual assau
Page 305 and 306:
What Works—Strengthening the Enab
Page 307 and 308:
worked with women’s groups, radio
Page 309 and 310:
of school in addressing gender-base
Page 311 and 312:
11C. Strengthening the Enabling Env
Page 313 and 314:
also widely used worldwide and part
Page 315 and 316:
ecognize women’s property rights
Page 317 and 318:
Promising Strategies:2. Community o
Page 319 and 320:
11D. Strengthening the Enabling Env
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
more likely to report having used a
Page 325 and 326:
likely than illiterate women to kno
Page 327 and 328:
of the women surveyed were HIV-posi
Page 329 and 330:
countries extending the fee aboliti
Page 331 and 332:
families and separated from their c
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
used the resource “Understanding
Page 337 and 338:
6. Support groups for people living
Page 339 and 340:
11G. Strengthening the Enabling Env
Page 341 and 342:
EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Inv
Page 343 and 344:
Chapter 12.Care and SupportA. Women
Page 345 and 346:
ical care provided by family member
Page 347 and 348: dealing with their sorrow, grief, a
Page 349 and 350: What Works—Care and Support: Wome
Page 351 and 352: 2. Peer support groups can be highl
Page 353 and 354: discriminated unjustly against them
Page 355 and 356: 6. Home-based antiretroviral therap
Page 357 and 358: 12B. Care and Support: Orphans and
Page 359 and 360: (Thurman et al., 2007). As of 2008,
Page 361 and 362: care and services were provided, wh
Page 363 and 364: for treatment can be safely monitor
Page 365 and 366: A study done in Kenya (year not giv
Page 367 and 368: ather than a narrowly defined HIV/A
Page 369: 7. Further interventions to provide
Page 372 and 373: ning providers, antenatal care and
Page 374 and 375: What Works—Structuring Health Ser
Page 376 and 377: counts available at primary health
Page 378 and 379: Pregnant women reported feeling out
Page 380 and 381: Before implementation of the PMTCT
Page 382 and 383: accessing PMTCT. An evaluation of 3
Page 384 and 385: A mathematical model based on TB tr
Page 386 and 387: 1. Improved integration is needed b
Page 388 and 389: 15. Additional efforts are needed t
Page 390 and 391: Community-based Care is holistic ca
Page 392 and 393: Microfinance is often defined as fi
Page 394 and 395: Sexuality is a central aspect of be
Page 397: References 1Aaron, E. and S. Crinit
Page 401 and 402: Andia, I., A. Kaida, M. Maier, D. G
Page 403 and 404: Auvert, B., D. Taljaard, E. Lagarde
Page 405 and 406: Barker, P., C. McCanno, N. Mehta, C
Page 407 and 408: Berer, M. 2008b. “Male Circumcisi
Page 409 and 410: Bong, C-N., S. Chen, Y-J. Jong, T-S
Page 411 and 412: Brou, H., G. Djohan, R. Becquet, G.
Page 413 and 414: Campbell, L. and M. Lambey. 2002.
Page 415 and 416: Chama, C., W. Gashau and S. Oguche.
Page 417 and 418: Chimwaza, A., J. Chimango, C. Kapon
Page 419 and 420: Cluver L. and F. Gardner. 2007. “
Page 421 and 422: Coovadia, H. 2004. “Antiretrovira
Page 423 and 424: De Bruyn, M. 2006a. There’s Nothi
Page 425 and 426: Dharmadhikari, A., J Gupta, M. Deck
Page 427 and 428: Druce, N. and A. Nolan. 2007. “Se
Page 429 and 430: Epstein H. 2009. “Universal volun
Page 431 and 432: Farrell, B. and N. Rajani. 2007.
Page 433 and 434: Ford, N., D. Wilsono, P. Cawthorne,
Page 435 and 436: Galvez-Buccollini, J., S. DeLea, P.
Page 437 and 438: Gillespie, D., H. Bradley, M. Wolde
Page 439 and 440: Gogna, M., M. Pechny, I. Ibarlucia,
Page 441 and 442: Grimes, D., J. Benson, S. Singh, M.
Page 443 and 444: Haddock, S., K. Hardee, J. Gay, P.
Page 445 and 446: Harries, A., R. Chimizi and R. Zach
Page 447 and 448: Hillemans, P., T. Ellerbrock, S. Mc
Page 449 and 450:
Hope, R. 2007. Addressing Cross-Gen
Page 451 and 452:
Innes, C, S Charalambous, M Felix,
Page 453 and 454:
Islander, F. 2006. Plenary Presenta
Page 455 and 456:
Jewkes, R. 2007. “Comprehensive R
Page 457 and 458:
Kadando, R., J. Lyavala and M. Mulo
Page 459 and 460:
Karnell, A.P., P.K. Cupp, R.S. Zimm
Page 461 and 462:
Maharashtra, India.” Abstract THP
Page 463 and 464:
Kim, Y., A. Kols, R. Nyakauru, C. M
Page 465 and 466:
Knerr, W., McEachran, J. and Philpo
Page 467 and 468:
Laga, M., M. Alary, N. Nzila, A. Ma
Page 469 and 470:
Leonard, L., I. Ndiaye, A. Kapadia,
Page 471 and 472:
Luke, N. and K. Kurz. 2002. Cross-g
Page 473 and 474:
Mahendra, V., R. Verma, S. Singh, S
Page 475 and 476:
Prevent HIV Mother-to-Child Transmi
Page 477 and 478:
McIntyre, J. and M. Lallemont. 2008
Page 479 and 480:
Minaya, J., A. Owen-Simth and J. He
Page 481 and 482:
Morrison, C. 2009. “Hormonal Cont
Page 483 and 484:
Musaba, E., C. Morrison, M. Sunkutu
Page 485 and 486:
Nelson, K., D. Celentano, S. Euimtr
Page 487 and 488:
Nyamukapa A., S. Gregson, B. Lopman
Page 489 and 490:
Olaleye, A., D. Polsy, D. Atamawanl
Page 491 and 492:
Paiva, V., E. Felipe, N. Santos, T.
Page 493 and 494:
Peacock, D. 2009. “Working with M
Page 495 and 496:
Pillai, S., M. Seshu and M. Shivdas
Page 497 and 498:
Puntos de Encuentro. 2008. Final Ev
Page 499 and 500:
Reniers, G., T. Araya, G.Davey, N.
Page 501 and 502:
Ross, D., J. Changalucha, A. Obasi,
Page 503 and 504:
an Operations Research Study in Zam
Page 505 and 506:
Sekirime, W. and J. Lule. 2009. “
Page 507 and 508:
Shuey, D., B. Baishangire, S. Omiat
Page 509 and 510:
Smith D. 2007. “Modern Marriage,
Page 511 and 512:
Stanwood N., S. Cohn, J. Heiser and
Page 513 and 514:
Stuikyte, R. S. Schonning and S. Me
Page 515 and 516:
Taylor, E. A. Pettifor, B. Mupenda,
Page 517 and 518:
Todd, J., D. Maher, I. Kasamba, E.
Page 519 and 520:
UNAIDS. 2007b. “The Positive Part
Page 521 and 522:
UNIFEM. 2008. http://www.genderanda
Page 523 and 524:
Verhoeff, F. B. Brabin, C. Hart, L.
Page 525 and 526:
Wang, X. and Z. Wu. 2007. “Factor
Page 527 and 528:
Wilcher, R., T. Petruney, H. Reynol
Page 529 and 530:
World Health Organization (WHO). 20
Page 531 and 532:
Yankah, E., J. Ayres, S. Arruda and
Page 534:
“What Works compiles a wealth of
show all

What Works for Women and Girls

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?