What Works for Women and Girls

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References 1Aaron, E. and S. Criniti. 2007. “Preconception Health Care for HIV-Infected Women.” Topics in HIV Medicine 15(4): 137–141.Abalos, J. 2008. “Determinants of Extramarital Sex among Filipino Men.” Abstract MOPE0331. XVII InternationalAIDS Conference. Mexico City, Mexico. August 3–8.Abbu-Raddad, L., L. Patnaik and J. Kublin. 2006. “Dual Infection with HIV and Malaria Fuels the Spread of BothDiseases in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Science 314: 1603–1606.Abdool Karim, S., G. Churchyard, Q. Abdool Karim and S. Lawn. 2009. “HIV Infection and Tuberculosis inSouth Africa: An Urgent Need to Escalate the Public Health Response.” Lancet 374 (9693): 921–933.Abdool Karim, Q., S. Abdool Karim, and J. Nkomokazi. 1991. “Sexual Behaviour and Knowledge of AIDS amongUrban Black Mothers. Implications for AIDS Intervention Programmes.” South African Medical Journal 5;80 (7): 340–343.Abdullai, M., E. Dorbor and D. Tolfree. 2002. Case Study of the Care and Protection of Separated Children in the SinjeRefugee Camp, Liberia. London, UK: Save the Children.Abega, S., S. Loubiere, P. Peretti-Watel, S. Koulla-Shiro, S. Boyer, J. Blanche, F. Marcellin, M. Carrieri, B. Spire andJ. Moatti. 2008. “HIV Disclosure and Unsafe Sex among HIV-Infected Women in Cameroon: Results fromthe ANRS-EVAL Study.” Abstract THPE0692. XVII International AIDS Conference. Mexico City, August 3–8.Abiona, T., A. Onayade, K. Ijadunola, P. Obajunwa, O. Aina and L. Thairu. 2006. “Acceptability, Feasibility andAffordability of Infant Feeding Options for HIV-infected Women: A Qualitative Study in South-west Nigeria.”Maternal and Child Nutrition 2: 135–144.Abrams, E. 2007. “Taking Stock: Triumphs and Challenges in the Field of Pediatric HIV Infection.” Therapy4 (6): 705–709.Abrams, E., L. Myer, A. Rosenfield and W. El-Sadr. 2007. “Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission Servicesas a Gateway to Family-Based Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care and Treatment in Resource-LimitedSettings: Rationale and International Experiences.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Supplement1) 197 (3): S101–S106. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.03.0681 References include all citations in the compendium as well as additional citations consulted and relevant to thetopic.395
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WHAT WORKSFOR WOMEN AND GIRLSEviden
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Authors:Jill Gay, MAKaren Hardee, P
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Jose Esparza, MD, Ph.D.Senior Advis
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Shyam Kottilil, MD, Ph.D.Staff Clin
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Larry Slutsker, MD, MPHChief, Malar
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Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
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List of Abbreviations3TCACTAHIANCAP
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PEPPHAPHRPIDPLHAPMTCTPPEPPTPRPTPRBP
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MethodologyMeasuring “what works
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2. Hormonal contraception is safe f
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outcomes has been more difficult to
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2. Promoting contraceptives and fam
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International Political Commitments
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established national action plans o
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Organization of the DocumentThis do
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Table 1.1Countries included in What
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understanding the epidemic in any g
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girls in school, for example. The c
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Within each intervention, studies a
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Chapter 3.Prevention for WomenA. Ma
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Special Risks for WomenStill, despi
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AIDS cases reported from 1982 to 20
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experience observed in clinical tri
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Female Condoms Are the Only Female-
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condom if it gives them more pleasu
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Correct use of the female condom ha
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A two month prospective study from
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A study of trends from Demographic
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8. Peer education for women can inc
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3B. Prevention for Women: Partner R
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matic focus on partner reduction, y
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of HIV acquisition, but were either
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four visits, each participant was i
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What Works—Prevention for Women:
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vention immediately following the b
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Chapter 4.Prevention for Key Affect
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2010). Transgender men and women al
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confidentiality—violate human rig
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there were major socio-demographic
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and post-intervention were used to
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tent condom use and 1.5 times more
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to their peers, distribute condoms
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Gaps in Programming—Female Sex Wo
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of a sexual relationship with a pri
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than were naltrexone or placebo. HI
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attributed to …swift introduction
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Promising Strategies:5. Sex-segrega
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9. Programming to prevent initiatio
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D’Ivoire, Cuba, Estonia, Indonesi
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Gaps in Programming—Women Prisone
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Vol
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In fact, as of September 2008, 66 o
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Transgender women and men are often
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2009). “The invisibility and marg
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especially young women, have their
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negotiation skills and other critic
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to be reached with sex and HIV educ
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What Works—Prevention for Young P
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44% and 100% of participants (Kirby
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tudes, self-efficacy, intentions, a
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as young people in this area had li
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ical validity of the findings that
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study reported having received info
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nancy. Almost 87% of men and 89% of
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last sex, having ever used a condom
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Gap noted, for example, in South Af
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Disaggregated Data Is NeededEffecti
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were also effective in increasing u
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Chapter 6.HIV Testing and Counselin
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Equitable Access to Testing and Cou
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they would come for HIV testing, re
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their jobs (Human Rights Watch, 200
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What Works—HIV Testing and Counse
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women. Of all married HIV-positive
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A study in Ethiopia found that inco
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At a provincial hospital in Mombasa
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Between June and December 2007, mob
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Promising Strategies:6. Encouraging
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10. Counseling may reduce risk beha
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women learned violence prevention s
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Chapter 7.TreatmentA. Provision and
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Treatment Has Been Successfully Adm
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HIV Prevention Is Needed as well as
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Gaps in Programming—Provision and
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These practices and tools are usefu
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Non-judgmental, non-stigmatizing in
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percent among ART-experienced patie
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(Donnell et al., 2010). (Abstract)
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The sexual health of women is an im
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[ for women living with HIV]: impro
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Available GuidelinesA number of sex
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advantages of dual method use, alon
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contraception: 57% used hormonal co
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different; and progression to WHO c
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HIV-related behavioral or biologic
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use was positively associated with
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Gaps in Programming—Meeting the S
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Interactions between ARVs and oral
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Chapter 9.Safe Motherhood and Preve
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Pillar 1: Preventing Primary HIV In
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mission of HIV. HIV testing and cou
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EVIDENCE1. Preventing unintended pr
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Gaps in Programming—Reducing Unin
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9B. Safe Motherhood and Preventiono
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Dis
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Gaps in Programming—Pre-Conceptio
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9C-1. Safe Motherhood and Preventio
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tion (Kershaw et al., 2006). “…
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outine tests. Fifty percent of the
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An evaluation of UNICEF-funded PMTC
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and syphilis (by rapid plasma regai
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2. Additional efforts are needed to
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for their own disease” (ITPC, 200
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own health needs has never been eva
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dine and lamivudine during pregnanc
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chose elective cesarean section to
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their current pregnancy or a past p
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Promising Strategies:5. Integrating
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Gaps in Programming—Treatment1. I
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cesarean, and 221 were non-elective
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3. Efforts are needed to ensure tha
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“There is no doubt that there are
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formula feeding increases the risk
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of age. For breastfed infants, the
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weeks of gestation and continued un
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A study in Côte d’Ivoire with 54
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during breastfeeding compared with
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3 times higher for infants who were
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counseling tools are needed. Studie
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Chapter 10.Preventing, Detecting an
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latent infection. Some immunocompro
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concurrent active TB and HIV infect
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mortality of HIV-positive people re
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in a 65% decline in mortality and t
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1. Efforts are needed to reduce TB-
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al., 2004 cited in Slutsker and Mar
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stillbirths by 33%. Three cluster-r
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Gaps in Programming—Malaria1. Fur
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dose global coverage was just 27% i
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Chapter 11.Strengthening the Enabli
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combining microfinance and training
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pants meeting once per week for thr
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the men believed that they should n
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in the intervention village were si
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positive impacts. The quasi-experim
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Samoa, Serbia and Montenegro, Thail
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factor associated with sexual assau
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What Works—Strengthening the Enab
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worked with women’s groups, radio
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of school in addressing gender-base
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11C. Strengthening the Enabling Env
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also widely used worldwide and part
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ecognize women’s property rights
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Promising Strategies:2. Community o
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11D. Strengthening the Enabling Env
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more likely to report having used a
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likely than illiterate women to kno
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of the women surveyed were HIV-posi
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countries extending the fee aboliti
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families and separated from their c
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used the resource “Understanding
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6. Support groups for people living
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11G. Strengthening the Enabling Env
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Inv
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Chapter 12.Care and SupportA. Women
Page 345 and 346: ical care provided by family member
Page 347 and 348: dealing with their sorrow, grief, a
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Page 351 and 352: 2. Peer support groups can be highl
Page 353 and 354: discriminated unjustly against them
Page 355 and 356: 6. Home-based antiretroviral therap
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Page 359 and 360: (Thurman et al., 2007). As of 2008,
Page 361 and 362: care and services were provided, wh
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Page 365 and 366: A study done in Kenya (year not giv
Page 367 and 368: ather than a narrowly defined HIV/A
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Page 372 and 373: ning providers, antenatal care and
Page 374 and 375: What Works—Structuring Health Ser
Page 376 and 377: counts available at primary health
Page 378 and 379: Pregnant women reported feeling out
Page 380 and 381: Before implementation of the PMTCT
Page 382 and 383: accessing PMTCT. An evaluation of 3
Page 384 and 385: A mathematical model based on TB tr
Page 386 and 387: 1. Improved integration is needed b
Page 388 and 389: 15. Additional efforts are needed t
Page 390 and 391: Community-based Care is holistic ca
Page 392 and 393: Microfinance is often defined as fi
Page 394 and 395: Sexuality is a central aspect of be
Page 398 and 399: Achmat, Z. and J. Simcock. 2007.
Page 400 and 401: Allen, C., Y. Simon, J. Edwards and
Page 402 and 403: Apondi, R., R. Bunnell, A. Awor, N.
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Hedgepeth, E. and J. Helmich. 1996.
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Holmes, K., R. Levine and M. Weaver
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Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2007. Hid
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International Harm Reduction Develo
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Kebede D., A. Alem, G. Mitike, F. E
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Kilewo, C., K. Karlsson, A. Massawe
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Kirby D, B.A. Laris and Lori Roller
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Kuhn, L, K. Semrau, S. Ramachandran
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Lau, J., R. Wang, H. Chen, J. gu, J
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Lockman, S., M. Ghebremichael, R. S
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Nguyen, H., H. T. Nyugen, H. Le, T.
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HIV Seroconverters in Rakai, Uganda
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