What Works for Women and Girls

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Organization of the DocumentThis document covers the evidence for gender-sensitive programming for women and girls. Thechapters are organized under three broad sections: what works to prevent infection, includingin women, young women and women with special prevention needs, such as sex workers andinjecting drug users and female partners of injecting drug users; what works for women andgirls living with HIV, such as treatment, meeting sexual and reproductive health needs, andpreventing perinatal transmission; and what works to support women and girls, includingstrengthening the enabling environment through, among other things, addressing gendernorms, violence against women and stigma and discrimination and promoting women’s legalrights and access to education and livelihoods. Supporting women and girls also includesproviding care and support, OVC programs and structuring health services to meet women’sneeds.Each chapter in the document includes an introduction, followed by a list of interventionsthat work or are promising followed by the evidence to support the interventions and theremaining gaps in research, programming or evaluation. The document also includes a selectionof the most recent clinical manuals and resources for program design, and references(citations for each study and web sites, where possible). In some areas, the evidence is quitelimited because few evaluations have been conducted. The Gaps sections of the document areimportant because they include a number of expert recommendations or recommended interventionsbased on studies measuring knowledge or attitudes that are expected to work but havenot been formally evaluated.This document serves the unique function of bringingThis document serves theunique function of bringing allof these topics together to providea full range of gender-sensitiveprogramming for womenand girls.all of these topics together to provide a full range of gendersensitiveprogramming for women and girls.It is very important to note that each of these chaptersaddresses topics that, themselves, could be the focus ofmultiple books. The authors have endeavored to cover themajor evidence in each of these areas about what works forwomen; however, more nuanced information about thesetopics can be found in the myriad references and websitesdevoted to them, some of which are referenced in this document.The document is not designed to provide complete recommendations on programdesign for particular topics, but rather serves the unique function of bringing the evidence forall of these topics together to provide a fuller picture of the range of gender-sensitive programmingfor women and girls.32 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Scope of the EvidenceThis document includes over 2,000 references from programs and studies in 90 countries,including 30 in sub-Saharan Africa, 13 from East and South East Asia, 4 from South Asia, 16from Latin America and the Caribbean, 12 from Eastern Europe and Central Asia, three fromNorth Africa and the Near East and 12 from North America, Western and Central Europe andOceania. Among these countries, the countries generating the most evidence include Ugandaand South Africa. In addition, data from a number of additional countries are included inintroductions to chapters and sections.WHAT WORKS FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS33
Page 1: WHAT WORKSFOR WOMEN AND GIRLSEviden
Page 4: Authors:Jill Gay, MAKaren Hardee, P
Page 7 and 8: Jose Esparza, MD, Ph.D.Senior Advis
Page 9 and 10: Shyam Kottilil, MD, Ph.D.Staff Clin
Page 11 and 12: Larry Slutsker, MD, MPHChief, Malar
Page 13 and 14: Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
Page 15 and 16: List of Abbreviations3TCACTAHIANCAP
Page 17: PEPPHAPHRPIDPLHAPMTCTPPEPPTPRPTPRBP
Page 20 and 21: MethodologyMeasuring “what works
Page 24 and 25: 2. Hormonal contraception is safe f
Page 26 and 27: outcomes has been more difficult to
Page 28 and 29: 2. Promoting contraceptives and fam
Page 30 and 31: International Political Commitments
Page 32 and 33: established national action plans o
Page 36 and 37: Table 1.1Countries included in What
Page 38 and 39: understanding the epidemic in any g
Page 40 and 41: girls in school, for example. The c
Page 42 and 43: Within each intervention, studies a
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 3.Prevention for WomenA. Ma
Page 47 and 48: Special Risks for WomenStill, despi
Page 49 and 50: AIDS cases reported from 1982 to 20
Page 51 and 52: experience observed in clinical tri
Page 53 and 54: Female Condoms Are the Only Female-
Page 55 and 56: condom if it gives them more pleasu
Page 57 and 58: Correct use of the female condom ha
Page 59 and 60: A two month prospective study from
Page 61 and 62: A study of trends from Demographic
Page 63 and 64: 8. Peer education for women can inc
Page 65 and 66: 3B. Prevention for Women: Partner R
Page 67 and 68: matic focus on partner reduction, y
Page 69 and 70: of HIV acquisition, but were either
Page 71 and 72: four visits, each participant was i
Page 73 and 74: What Works—Prevention for Women:
Page 75 and 76: vention immediately following the b
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 4.Prevention for Key Affect
Page 79 and 80: 2010). Transgender men and women al
Page 81 and 82: confidentiality—violate human rig
Page 83 and 84: there were major socio-demographic
Page 85 and 86:
and post-intervention were used to
Page 87 and 88:
tent condom use and 1.5 times more
Page 89 and 90:
to their peers, distribute condoms
Page 91 and 92:
Gaps in Programming—Female Sex Wo
Page 93 and 94:
of a sexual relationship with a pri
Page 95 and 96:
than were naltrexone or placebo. HI
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attributed to …swift introduction
Page 99 and 100:
Promising Strategies:5. Sex-segrega
Page 101 and 102:
9. Programming to prevent initiatio
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D’Ivoire, Cuba, Estonia, Indonesi
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Gaps in Programming—Women Prisone
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Vol
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In fact, as of September 2008, 66 o
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Transgender women and men are often
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2009). “The invisibility and marg
Page 116 and 117:
especially young women, have their
Page 118 and 119:
negotiation skills and other critic
Page 120 and 121:
to be reached with sex and HIV educ
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What Works—Prevention for Young P
Page 124 and 125:
44% and 100% of participants (Kirby
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tudes, self-efficacy, intentions, a
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as young people in this area had li
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ical validity of the findings that
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study reported having received info
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nancy. Almost 87% of men and 89% of
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last sex, having ever used a condom
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Gap noted, for example, in South Af
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Disaggregated Data Is NeededEffecti
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were also effective in increasing u
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Chapter 6.HIV Testing and Counselin
Page 147 and 148:
Equitable Access to Testing and Cou
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they would come for HIV testing, re
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their jobs (Human Rights Watch, 200
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What Works—HIV Testing and Counse
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women. Of all married HIV-positive
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A study in Ethiopia found that inco
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At a provincial hospital in Mombasa
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Between June and December 2007, mob
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Promising Strategies:6. Encouraging
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10. Counseling may reduce risk beha
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women learned violence prevention s
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Chapter 7.TreatmentA. Provision and
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Treatment Has Been Successfully Adm
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HIV Prevention Is Needed as well as
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Gaps in Programming—Provision and
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These practices and tools are usefu
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Non-judgmental, non-stigmatizing in
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percent among ART-experienced patie
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(Donnell et al., 2010). (Abstract)
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The sexual health of women is an im
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[ for women living with HIV]: impro
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Available GuidelinesA number of sex
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advantages of dual method use, alon
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contraception: 57% used hormonal co
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different; and progression to WHO c
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HIV-related behavioral or biologic
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use was positively associated with
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Gaps in Programming—Meeting the S
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Interactions between ARVs and oral
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Chapter 9.Safe Motherhood and Preve
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Pillar 1: Preventing Primary HIV In
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mission of HIV. HIV testing and cou
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EVIDENCE1. Preventing unintended pr
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Gaps in Programming—Reducing Unin
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9B. Safe Motherhood and Preventiono
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Dis
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Gaps in Programming—Pre-Conceptio
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9C-1. Safe Motherhood and Preventio
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tion (Kershaw et al., 2006). “…
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outine tests. Fifty percent of the
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An evaluation of UNICEF-funded PMTC
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and syphilis (by rapid plasma regai
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2. Additional efforts are needed to
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for their own disease” (ITPC, 200
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own health needs has never been eva
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dine and lamivudine during pregnanc
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chose elective cesarean section to
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their current pregnancy or a past p
Page 245 and 246:
Promising Strategies:5. Integrating
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Gaps in Programming—Treatment1. I
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cesarean, and 221 were non-elective
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3. Efforts are needed to ensure tha
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“There is no doubt that there are
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formula feeding increases the risk
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of age. For breastfed infants, the
Page 259 and 260:
weeks of gestation and continued un
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A study in Côte d’Ivoire with 54
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during breastfeeding compared with
Page 265 and 266:
3 times higher for infants who were
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counseling tools are needed. Studie
Page 269 and 270:
Chapter 10.Preventing, Detecting an
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latent infection. Some immunocompro
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concurrent active TB and HIV infect
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mortality of HIV-positive people re
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in a 65% decline in mortality and t
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1. Efforts are needed to reduce TB-
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al., 2004 cited in Slutsker and Mar
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stillbirths by 33%. Three cluster-r
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Gaps in Programming—Malaria1. Fur
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dose global coverage was just 27% i
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Chapter 11.Strengthening the Enabli
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combining microfinance and training
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pants meeting once per week for thr
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the men believed that they should n
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in the intervention village were si
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positive impacts. The quasi-experim
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Samoa, Serbia and Montenegro, Thail
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factor associated with sexual assau
Page 305 and 306:
What Works—Strengthening the Enab
Page 307 and 308:
worked with women’s groups, radio
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of school in addressing gender-base
Page 311 and 312:
11C. Strengthening the Enabling Env
Page 313 and 314:
also widely used worldwide and part
Page 315 and 316:
ecognize women’s property rights
Page 317 and 318:
Promising Strategies:2. Community o
Page 319 and 320:
11D. Strengthening the Enabling Env
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
more likely to report having used a
Page 325 and 326:
likely than illiterate women to kno
Page 327 and 328:
of the women surveyed were HIV-posi
Page 329 and 330:
countries extending the fee aboliti
Page 331 and 332:
families and separated from their c
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
used the resource “Understanding
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6. Support groups for people living
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11G. Strengthening the Enabling Env
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Inv
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Chapter 12.Care and SupportA. Women
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ical care provided by family member
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dealing with their sorrow, grief, a
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What Works—Care and Support: Wome
Page 351 and 352:
2. Peer support groups can be highl
Page 353 and 354:
discriminated unjustly against them
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6. Home-based antiretroviral therap
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12B. Care and Support: Orphans and
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(Thurman et al., 2007). As of 2008,
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care and services were provided, wh
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for treatment can be safely monitor
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A study done in Kenya (year not giv
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ather than a narrowly defined HIV/A
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7. Further interventions to provide
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ning providers, antenatal care and
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What Works—Structuring Health Ser
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counts available at primary health
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Pregnant women reported feeling out
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Before implementation of the PMTCT
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accessing PMTCT. An evaluation of 3
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A mathematical model based on TB tr
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1. Improved integration is needed b
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15. Additional efforts are needed t
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Community-based Care is holistic ca
Page 392 and 393:
Microfinance is often defined as fi
Page 394 and 395:
Sexuality is a central aspect of be
Page 397 and 398:
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Akabaysh, H. and G. Psacharopoulos.
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Andia, I., A. Kaida, M. Maier, D. G
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Auvert, B., D. Taljaard, E. Lagarde
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Barker, P., C. McCanno, N. Mehta, C
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Berer, M. 2008b. “Male Circumcisi
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Bong, C-N., S. Chen, Y-J. Jong, T-S
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Coovadia, H. 2004. “Antiretrovira
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Druce, N. and A. Nolan. 2007. “Se
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“What Works compiles a wealth of
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