What Works for Women and Girls

disclosure was to prevent further infections, challenge stigma, or both. Contributing tocommunity AIDS prevention provides a sense of purpose for many of those interviewed:“It makes you feel like you’ve done something worthwhile” (Paxton, 2002: 564). (GrayIII) (stigma, discrimination, disclosure, Australia, Botswana, India, Kenya, South Africa,Thailand, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe)Gaps in Programming—Reducing Stigma and Discrimination1. Further interventions and research are needed to reduce stigma and discriminationagainst women, specifically, who are at high risk or living with HIV.2. Judicial action, legislation, and training on legal rights can protect people living withHIV from discrimination.3. Provision of ART can reduce stigma, but additional interventions are needed.1. Further interventions are needed to reduce stigma and discrimination against women,specifically, who are at high risk or living with HIV. [See also Chapter 9C-2. Safe Motherhoodand Prevention of Vertical Transmission: Treatment] Studies found that women and girls arehighly stigmatized if they test positive for HIV.2. Judicial action, legislation, and training on legal rights can protect people living with HIVfrom discrimination. Studies found that people reported being denied housing or beingevicted for testing HIV-positive but that peer education on legal rights may increase protectpeople from discrimination.Gap noted, for example, in Brazil (Dultra et al., 2008); and Ethiopia, Tanzania andZambia (Nyblade et al., 2003).3. Provision of ART can reduce stigma, but additional interventions are needed. Studies foundthat lack of knowledge of ARV treatment increased stigma, but that ARV treatment alonedid not eliminate stigma and discrimination.Gap noted, for example, in Thailand, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and South Africa (Genberget al., 2008); and Tanzania (Roura et al., 2008).336 CHAPTER 11 STRENGTHENING THE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT