What Works for Women and Girls

countries extending the fee abolition to higher grades. Fee abolition resulted in a 23%increase in total enrolment from 1994/95 to 1995/1996 in Ethiopia, a 14% increase intotal enrolment from 2004/2005 in Ghana, an 18% increase from 2002/03 to 2003/04in Kenya, a 51% increase from 1993/94 to 1994/95 in Malawi, and a 12% increase from2003/04 to 2004/2005 in Mozambique. The ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primaryschool increased in Ethiopia from 0.61 girls to 1 boy in 1994/95 to a ratio of 0.79 girlsto 1 boy in 2004/2005. The increase in the ratio of girls to boys was insignificant in theother countries (The World Bank and UNICEF, 2009). (Gray III) (education, school fees,Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique)The most successful strategy for increasing access to education and lowering HIVvulnerability, particularly for girls, has been the elimination of school fees, which otherwiseput education out of reach for many families. In Tanzania, the removal of schoolfees more than doubled primary school enrollment. Kenya saw enrollment jump by22% in the first week alone with their abolition. In Uganda, girls’ school enrollmentleapt by over 30% when school fees were dropped, including a near doubling for thepoorest economic fifth of girls (Burns et al., 2003; UNICEF, 2005; Deininger, 2003;Bundy and Kattan, 2005, cited in Global Coalition on Women and AIDS, year not specified).(Gray V) (education, school fees, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda)3. Providing life skills-based education can complement formal education in building knowledgeand skills to prevent HIV. [See Chapter 5. Prevention for Young People]Gaps in Programming—Education1. Successful efforts to increase educational attainment for girls must be scaled up.2. Interventions are needed for school children that suffer from violence on the way orat school.1. Successful efforts to increase educational attainment for girls must be scaled up. [See alsoChapter 12B. Care and Support: Orphans and Vulnerable Children] Studies and surveys foundthat girls lag behind boys in educational attainment.Gap noted, for example, in 11 DHS countries (Hargreaves and Glenn, 2002; WorldBank, 2002 cited in Global Campaign for Education, 2004).2. Interventions are needed for school children that suffer from violence on the way to orat school. [See also 11B. Addressing Violence Against Women] Studies found that girls sufferfrom violence both on the way and at school.WHAT WORKS FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS327