What Works for Women and Girls

their current pregnancy or a past pregnancy, and were not intending to receive ARTwithin 8 weeks postpartum. Overall, 169 women received either ZDV, didanosine (ddI),and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPR/r) for 7 days postpartum; ZDV and ddI for 30 days postpartum;or ZDV, ddI, and LPV/r for 30 days postpartum (after receiving intrapartumsingle dose NVP). These 3 treatment groups were compared to a historic control groupfrom a 2001 to 2003 study of 119 women who had received prenatal ZDV treatment andintrapartum single dose NVP, but no postpartum treatment regimen. In comparisonto the control group, women receiving any of the three postpartum treatments had asignificantly lower risk of developing NVP resistance (Van Dyke et al., 2009). (Gray III)(PMTCT, pregnancy, treatment, Thailand)A study enrolling HIV-positive pregnant women not requiring HAART for their ownhealth in Côte D’Ivoire, Cambodia and South Africa from 2006 to 2007 found that acombination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine taken along with singledosenevirapine at delivery and for 7 days postpartum was effective in preventing nevirapineresistance and was well tolerated. All study participants also received antenatalzidovudine. Of 38 women included in the study no resistance mutations for any antiretroviralwere detected one month after delivery and no cases of MTCT were found. Nineserious adverse events were documented in women and eleven in infants, includingfour infant deaths, although these were determined unlikely to be related to antiretroviralexposure (TEmAA ANRS 12109 Study Group et al., 2009). (Gray III) (PMTCT,HAART, treatment, Côte d’Ivoire, Cambodia, South Africa)A study in South Africa between 2005 and 2007 showed that prevention of perinataltransmission of HIV through combined use of ZDV from 34 weeks of pregnancy and asingle dose of NVP during delivery reduced NVP resistance rates reported by previousstudies. Seventy-six pregnant women not yet qualified for antiretroviral treatment (CD4count above 200/μl and no AIDS defining illness) were included in this study, with 13(17.1%) presenting NVP resistance mutations approximately 6 weeks after delivery (vanZyl et al., 2008). (Gray III) (PMTCT, treatment, South Africa)3. Extending an HIV-positive woman’s life increases the long-term survival of her infant.A review of seven randomized MTCT intervention trials looked at the effect of maternalhealth, infant HIV infection, feeding practices and age at acquisition of infection onthe rate of child mortality among 3,468 African children born to HIV-positive women.Child mortality was associated with maternal death, CD4 cell counts