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WHAT WORKSFOR WOMEN AND GIRLSEviden
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Authors:Jill Gay, MAKaren Hardee, P
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Jose Esparza, MD, Ph.D.Senior Advis
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Shyam Kottilil, MD, Ph.D.Staff Clin
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Larry Slutsker, MD, MPHChief, Malar
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Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
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List of Abbreviations3TCACTAHIANCAP
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PEPPHAPHRPIDPLHAPMTCTPPEPPTPRPTPRBP
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MethodologyMeasuring “what works
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2. Hormonal contraception is safe f
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outcomes has been more difficult to
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2. Promoting contraceptives and fam
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International Political Commitments
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established national action plans o
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Organization of the DocumentThis do
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Table 1.1Countries included in What
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understanding the epidemic in any g
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girls in school, for example. The c
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Within each intervention, studies a
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Chapter 3.Prevention for WomenA. Ma
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Special Risks for WomenStill, despi
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AIDS cases reported from 1982 to 20
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experience observed in clinical tri
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Female Condoms Are the Only Female-
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condom if it gives them more pleasu
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Correct use of the female condom ha
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A two month prospective study from
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A study of trends from Demographic
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8. Peer education for women can inc
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3B. Prevention for Women: Partner R
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matic focus on partner reduction, y
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of HIV acquisition, but were either
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four visits, each participant was i
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What Works—Prevention for Women:
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vention immediately following the b
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Chapter 4.Prevention for Key Affect
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2010). Transgender men and women al
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confidentiality—violate human rig
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there were major socio-demographic
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and post-intervention were used to
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tent condom use and 1.5 times more
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to their peers, distribute condoms
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Gaps in Programming—Female Sex Wo
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of a sexual relationship with a pri
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than were naltrexone or placebo. HI
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attributed to …swift introduction
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Promising Strategies:5. Sex-segrega
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9. Programming to prevent initiatio
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D’Ivoire, Cuba, Estonia, Indonesi
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Gaps in Programming—Women Prisone
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Vol
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In fact, as of September 2008, 66 o
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Transgender women and men are often
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2009). “The invisibility and marg
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especially young women, have their
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negotiation skills and other critic
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to be reached with sex and HIV educ
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What Works—Prevention for Young P
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44% and 100% of participants (Kirby
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tudes, self-efficacy, intentions, a
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as young people in this area had li
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ical validity of the findings that
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study reported having received info
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nancy. Almost 87% of men and 89% of
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last sex, having ever used a condom
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Gap noted, for example, in South Af
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Disaggregated Data Is NeededEffecti
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were also effective in increasing u
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Chapter 6.HIV Testing and Counselin
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Equitable Access to Testing and Cou
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they would come for HIV testing, re
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their jobs (Human Rights Watch, 200
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What Works—HIV Testing and Counse
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- Page 208 and 209: (Remien et al., 2009). In Cambodia,
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EVIDENCE1. ARVs, when used for trea
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of six months of age suggests that
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transmission by 28 weeks among thos
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found much lower rates of contracep
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A 2001-2005 South African intervent
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their children to be immunized, 94%
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8. Meeting the Sexual and Reproduct
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10A. Preventing, Detecting and Trea
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There Are Gendered Dynamics in TB P
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TB incidence rates under routine cl
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There is very little sex-disaggrega
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Promising Strategies:2. Screening f
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pregnancies as a consequence of rep
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spraying for HIV-positive women who
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A study that analyzed medical recor
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4. Further research is needed on in
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PCR tests are used to detect hepati
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Strengthening the enabling environm
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“Reflections on men and HIV/AIDS
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What Works—Strengthening the Enab
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An evaluation of the Stepping Stone
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three times, 200 young people in fo
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Gap noted, for example, in Lao Peop
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al., 2000: 466). For example, a stu
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clinical practice (
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A campaign in South Africa, One Man
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3. Microfinance programs can lead t
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Gaps in Programming—Addressing Vi
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is also critical to addressing the
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security and empowerment, thereby r
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share gender equitable laws are als
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Gaps in Programming—Transforming
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Condom use is an example of this. W
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ates of loan repayment and business
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1. Expansion and scaling up of inte
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Africa and found that HIV infection
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oth sexes among urban young people
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Gap noted, for example, generally (
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promote stigmatizing attitudes towa
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people living with HIV. 35 focus gr
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eneficial in addition to individual
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disclosure was to prevent further i
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Women Need Support and Opportunitie
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HIV/AIDS, resulting in increased pr
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actually have a surviving parent”
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Family Counseling and Basic HIV Inf
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as gender norms that promote health
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facilitated support and suggestions
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more likely to have disclosed their
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4. Training men to provide voluntar
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2. Interventions are needed to trai
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maternal orphans were found to have
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What Works—Care and Support: Orph
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their parent’s status (from 16% t
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a decrease in marginalization, incr
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A study with 1,400 adults in South
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1. Increased financial and other su
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Chapter 13.Structuring Health Servi
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“All national HIV prevention prog
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What Works—Structuring Health Ser
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and women have unsafe abortions to
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views with program staff, three gro
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64%. Overall the marked improvement
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12. Conducting HIV testing and coun
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Gaps in Programming—Structuring H
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9. Safe Motherhood and Prevention o
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Glossary of Terms 1Adolescents are
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HIV Testing refers to immunologic t
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Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is
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Women Who Have Sex With Women (WSW)
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Achmat, Z. and J. Simcock. 2007.
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Allen, C., Y. Simon, J. Edwards and
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Apondi, R., R. Bunnell, A. Awor, N.
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Bakeera-Kitaka, S., N. Nabukeera-Ba
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Beck, E. and N. Mays. 2006. “The
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Birungi, H., F. Obare, J. Mugisha,
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Bradley, H., D. Gillespie, A. Kidan
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Burrows, D., and the AIDS Project M
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Center for Advocacy on Stigma and M
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Chen, X., Y. Yin, J. tucker, X. Gao
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Chomba, E., S. Allen, W. Kanweka, A
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Cohen, J. 2006c. “HIV/AIDS: Latin
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Crepaz, N., C. Lyles, R. Wolitski,
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Denny, L., R. Boa, A. Williamson, B
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Dixon-Mueller, R. and A. Germain. 2
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Eckman, A. and B. Hersted. 2006. Ad
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Eyakuze, C., D. Jones, A. Starrs an
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Filler, S., P. Kazembe, M. Thigpen,
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Freedman, L., R. Waldman, H. de Pin
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Geary, C., H. Burke, L. Castelnau,
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The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB a
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Gowing, L., M. Farrell, R. Borneman
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Guimaraes, M., M. Wainberg, L. Camp
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Hankins, C., S. Friedman, T. Zafar
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Hedgepeth, E. and J. Helmich. 1996.
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Holmes, K., R. Levine and M. Weaver
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Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2007. Hid
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International Harm Reduction Develo
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Jahn, A., S. Floyd, A. Crampin, F.
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Jones, D., S. Weiss, G. Bhat and V.
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Kalichman, S. and L. Simbayi. 2004.
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Kebede D., A. Alem, G. Mitike, F. E
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Kilewo, C., K. Karlsson, A. Massawe
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Kirby D, B.A. Laris and Lori Roller
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Kuhn, L, K. Semrau, S. Ramachandran
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Lau, J., R. Wang, H. Chen, J. gu, J
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Lockman, S., M. Ghebremichael, R. S
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MacLachlan, E., S. Neema, F. Ssali,
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Maman, S., J. Campbell, M. Sweat an
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Mataka, E. 2007. “Maternal Health
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Mema Kwa Vijana. 2008b. “Rethinki
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Mohd, A. 2008. “Capacity Building
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Mugore, L., B. Engelsmann, T. Ndoro
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Nagot , N., A. Ouédraogo, V. Foulo
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Nguyen, H., H. T. Nyugen, H. Le, T.
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Oanh, K., K. Ashburn, J. Pulerwitz,
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Virus 1/2 (HIV1/2) Rapid Testing am
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Parkhurst, J. 2008. “’What Work
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Pettifor, A., K. O’Brien, C. MacP
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HIV Seroconverters in Rakai, Uganda
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Ramos, A., L. Mataida, V. Saraceni,
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Richey, C. and J Shelton. 2007. “
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Rutta, E., R. Gongo, A. Mwasasu, D.
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Sax, P. and L. Baden. 2009. “When
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Shapiro, K. and S. Ray. 2007. “Se
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Sinha, G., A. Dyalchand, M. Khale,
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Spaulding, A.. D. Brickley, C. Kenn
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Stover, J., S. Bertozzi, J. Gutierr
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Taha, T. N. Kumwenda, D. Hoover, G.
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Thirumurthy, H., R. Saravanan, G. S
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Turan, J., S. Miller, E. bukusi, J.
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UNESCO (United Nations Educational,
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Van geertruyden, J. and U. D’Ales
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Visser, M., J. Mundell, A. de Villi
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Weiser, S., D. Tuller, N. Ware, J.
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Wolf, C., P. Guest and M. Viradvaid
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World Health Organization (WHO). 20
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