What Works for Women and Girls

et al., 2004); Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Poland, Botswana, Kenya, Lesotho, Namibia,Nigeria, South Africa and Swaziland (de Bruyn, 2006a).3. Providers need training on contraception, including non-directive counseling and reducingstigma and discrimination for women living with HIV. Studies found that HIV-positivewomen were required to wait in separate waiting rooms and that because provider biaslimited contraceptive options, providers needed additional training on the full range ofcontraceptive options.Gap noted, for example, in Namibia (ICW, 2009); Brazil (Malta et al., 2009); India(Batura et al., 2008); South Africa (Hatzell et al., 2008); Argentina (Gogna et al., 2008);Argentina, Mexico, Poland, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland (de Bruyn, 2004cited in Delvaux and Nöstlinger, 2007); Zambia (Mark et al, 2007); Uganda (Asiimwe etal., 2005); general (Richey and Shelton, 2007).4. Interventions to increase dual protection and dual method use are needed. Studies foundthat couples are reluctant to use dual protection because it may symbolize distrust of apartner, particularly among adolescents.Gap noted, for example, Ghana (Goparaju et al., 2003); general (Spieler, 2001 cited inGoparaju et al., 2003, Delvaux and Nöstlinger, 2007).5. Women living with HIV need information and access to services for emergency contraception;safe abortion, where legal; and post-abortion care (PAC) services where abortion isillegal. Research is also needed on the safest methods of abortion for HIV-positive women.Studies found that women did not have adequate knowledge of emergency contraception,nor access to services for post-abortion care or abortion, where legal. Abortion services aresafe for HIV-positive women when performed by qualified professionals in sanitary conditions.However, unsafe abortion carries additional risks for HIV-positive women.Gap noted, for example, in India (Sellers et al., 2008); Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Poland,Botswana, Kenya, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa and Swaziland (de Bruyn,2006a); global literature review (de Bruyn, 2003); general (Delvaux and Nöstlinger,2007); globally (Guttmacher Institute, 2006 cited in Esplen, 2007).6. Efforts are needed to address barriers to ensure that women living with HIV can accessand use contraceptives without the knowledge of their partner, if desired. Studies foundthat women would not always tell their partner about contraception use for a number ofreasons, including the desire to avoid pregnancy.Gap noted, for example, in South Africa (Moodley et al., 2008b).7. Potential drug interaction between contraceptive options and treatment for TB and HIVco-infection must be considered. Articles noted a lack of data on potential interactions.WHAT WORKS FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS201