What Works for Women and Girls

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GFATM Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and MalariaGHESKIO Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Opportunistic InfectionsGUD Genital Ulcer DiseaseHAART Highly Active Antiretroviral TherapyHRW Human Rights WatchHSV-2 Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2HTC HIV Testing and CounselingICRW International Center for Research on WomenICWInternational Community of Women Living with HIV/AIDSIDPInternally Displaced PersonIDUInjecting Drug UserIECInformation Education and CommunicationILOInternational Labor OrganizationIP/PP Intrapartum/postpartumIPTIntermittent Preventive TherapyIPVIntimate Partner ViolenceIOMInstitute of MedicineIRCInternational Rescue CommitteeIRISImmune Reconstitution Inflammatory ResponseITNInsecticide Treated NetsIUIn UteroLBW Low Birth WeightLPR/r Lopinavir/ritonavirMCH Maternal and Child HealthMDG U.N. Millennium Development GoalsmDOT Modified Directly Observed TherapyMDR-TB Multi-Drug Resistant TuberculosisMLMilliliterMNCH Maternal, Newborn and Child HealthMSM Men Who Have Sex with MenM&E Monitoring and EvaluationNGO Non-governmental OrganizationNHNon-hormonalNNRTI Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase InhibitorNVPNevirapineOCOral ContraceptiveOSIOpen Society InstituteOSTOpioid Substitution TreatmentOVCOrphans and Vulnerable ChildrenPACPost Abortion CarePCRPolymerase Chain Reaction14 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PEPPHAPHRPIDPLHAPMTCTPPEPPTPRPTPRBPYsRCTRHRHTRHRRTISILSd NVPSPSRHSRHRSTDSTITBTERGTRPUNUNAIDSUNFPAUNGASSUNICEFUNODCUSAIDVAWVCTWHOXDR-TBZDVPost-Exposure ProphylaxisPeer Health AdvocatePhysicians for Human RightsPelvic Inflammatory DiseasePeople Living with HIV/AIDSPrevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIVPersonal Protective EquipmentPrevention of Perinatal TransmissionPrincipal RecipientsPreventive TherapyPopulation Reference BureauPerson-YearsRandomized Controlled TrialReproductive HealthRoutine HIV TestingReproductive Health for RefugeesReproductive Tract InfectionSquamous Intraepithelial LesionSingle-dose nevirapineSulfadoxine-pyrimethamineSexual and Reproductive HealthSexual and Reproductive Health and RightsSexually Transmitted DiseaseSexually Transmitted InfectionTuberculosisTechnical Evaluation Reference GroupTechnical Review PanelUnited NationsJoint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDSUnited Nations Population FundUnited Nations General Assembly Special SessionUnited Nations Children’s FundUnited Nations Office on Drugs and CrimeUnited States Agency for International DevelopmentViolence Against WomenVoluntary Counseling and TestingWorld Health OrganizationExtensively Drug Resistant TBZidovudineWHAT WORKS FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS15
Page 1: WHAT WORKSFOR WOMEN AND GIRLSEviden
Page 4: Authors:Jill Gay, MAKaren Hardee, P
Page 7 and 8: Jose Esparza, MD, Ph.D.Senior Advis
Page 9 and 10: Shyam Kottilil, MD, Ph.D.Staff Clin
Page 11 and 12: Larry Slutsker, MD, MPHChief, Malar
Page 13 and 14: Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
Page 15: List of Abbreviations3TCACTAHIANCAP
Page 20 and 21: MethodologyMeasuring “what works
Page 24 and 25: 2. Hormonal contraception is safe f
Page 26 and 27: outcomes has been more difficult to
Page 28 and 29: 2. Promoting contraceptives and fam
Page 30 and 31: International Political Commitments
Page 32 and 33: established national action plans o
Page 34 and 35: Organization of the DocumentThis do
Page 36 and 37: Table 1.1Countries included in What
Page 38 and 39: understanding the epidemic in any g
Page 40 and 41: girls in school, for example. The c
Page 42 and 43: Within each intervention, studies a
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 3.Prevention for WomenA. Ma
Page 47 and 48: Special Risks for WomenStill, despi
Page 49 and 50: AIDS cases reported from 1982 to 20
Page 51 and 52: experience observed in clinical tri
Page 53 and 54: Female Condoms Are the Only Female-
Page 55 and 56: condom if it gives them more pleasu
Page 57 and 58: Correct use of the female condom ha
Page 59 and 60: A two month prospective study from
Page 61 and 62: A study of trends from Demographic
Page 63 and 64: 8. Peer education for women can inc
Page 65 and 66: 3B. Prevention for Women: Partner R
Page 67 and 68:
matic focus on partner reduction, y
Page 69 and 70:
of HIV acquisition, but were either
Page 71 and 72:
four visits, each participant was i
Page 73 and 74:
What Works—Prevention for Women:
Page 75 and 76:
vention immediately following the b
Page 77 and 78:
Chapter 4.Prevention for Key Affect
Page 79 and 80:
2010). Transgender men and women al
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confidentiality—violate human rig
Page 83 and 84:
there were major socio-demographic
Page 85 and 86:
and post-intervention were used to
Page 87 and 88:
tent condom use and 1.5 times more
Page 89 and 90:
to their peers, distribute condoms
Page 91 and 92:
Gaps in Programming—Female Sex Wo
Page 93 and 94:
of a sexual relationship with a pri
Page 95 and 96:
than were naltrexone or placebo. HI
Page 97 and 98:
attributed to …swift introduction
Page 99 and 100:
Promising Strategies:5. Sex-segrega
Page 101 and 102:
9. Programming to prevent initiatio
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D’Ivoire, Cuba, Estonia, Indonesi
Page 105 and 106:
Gaps in Programming—Women Prisone
Page 107 and 108:
EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Vol
Page 109 and 110:
In fact, as of September 2008, 66 o
Page 111 and 112:
Transgender women and men are often
Page 113:
2009). “The invisibility and marg
Page 116 and 117:
especially young women, have their
Page 118 and 119:
negotiation skills and other critic
Page 120 and 121:
to be reached with sex and HIV educ
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What Works—Prevention for Young P
Page 124 and 125:
44% and 100% of participants (Kirby
Page 126 and 127:
tudes, self-efficacy, intentions, a
Page 128 and 129:
as young people in this area had li
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ical validity of the findings that
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study reported having received info
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nancy. Almost 87% of men and 89% of
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last sex, having ever used a condom
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Gap noted, for example, in South Af
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Disaggregated Data Is NeededEffecti
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were also effective in increasing u
Page 145 and 146:
Chapter 6.HIV Testing and Counselin
Page 147 and 148:
Equitable Access to Testing and Cou
Page 149 and 150:
they would come for HIV testing, re
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their jobs (Human Rights Watch, 200
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What Works—HIV Testing and Counse
Page 155 and 156:
women. Of all married HIV-positive
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A study in Ethiopia found that inco
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At a provincial hospital in Mombasa
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Between June and December 2007, mob
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Promising Strategies:6. Encouraging
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10. Counseling may reduce risk beha
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women learned violence prevention s
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Chapter 7.TreatmentA. Provision and
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Treatment Has Been Successfully Adm
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HIV Prevention Is Needed as well as
Page 175 and 176:
Gaps in Programming—Provision and
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These practices and tools are usefu
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Non-judgmental, non-stigmatizing in
Page 181 and 182:
percent among ART-experienced patie
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(Donnell et al., 2010). (Abstract)
Page 186 and 187:
The sexual health of women is an im
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[ for women living with HIV]: impro
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Available GuidelinesA number of sex
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advantages of dual method use, alon
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contraception: 57% used hormonal co
Page 196 and 197:
different; and progression to WHO c
Page 198 and 199:
HIV-related behavioral or biologic
Page 200 and 201:
use was positively associated with
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Gaps in Programming—Meeting the S
Page 204 and 205:
Interactions between ARVs and oral
Page 207 and 208:
Chapter 9.Safe Motherhood and Preve
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Pillar 1: Preventing Primary HIV In
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mission of HIV. HIV testing and cou
Page 213 and 214:
EVIDENCE1. Preventing unintended pr
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Gaps in Programming—Reducing Unin
Page 217 and 218:
9B. Safe Motherhood and Preventiono
Page 219 and 220:
EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Dis
Page 221 and 222:
Gaps in Programming—Pre-Conceptio
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9C-1. Safe Motherhood and Preventio
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tion (Kershaw et al., 2006). “…
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outine tests. Fifty percent of the
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An evaluation of UNICEF-funded PMTC
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and syphilis (by rapid plasma regai
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2. Additional efforts are needed to
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for their own disease” (ITPC, 200
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own health needs has never been eva
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dine and lamivudine during pregnanc
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chose elective cesarean section to
Page 243 and 244:
their current pregnancy or a past p
Page 245 and 246:
Promising Strategies:5. Integrating
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Gaps in Programming—Treatment1. I
Page 249 and 250:
cesarean, and 221 were non-elective
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3. Efforts are needed to ensure tha
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“There is no doubt that there are
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formula feeding increases the risk
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of age. For breastfed infants, the
Page 259 and 260:
weeks of gestation and continued un
Page 261 and 262:
A study in Côte d’Ivoire with 54
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during breastfeeding compared with
Page 265 and 266:
3 times higher for infants who were
Page 267 and 268:
counseling tools are needed. Studie
Page 269 and 270:
Chapter 10.Preventing, Detecting an
Page 271 and 272:
latent infection. Some immunocompro
Page 273 and 274:
concurrent active TB and HIV infect
Page 275 and 276:
mortality of HIV-positive people re
Page 277 and 278:
in a 65% decline in mortality and t
Page 279 and 280:
1. Efforts are needed to reduce TB-
Page 281 and 282:
al., 2004 cited in Slutsker and Mar
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stillbirths by 33%. Three cluster-r
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Gaps in Programming—Malaria1. Fur
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dose global coverage was just 27% i
Page 289 and 290:
Chapter 11.Strengthening the Enabli
Page 291 and 292:
combining microfinance and training
Page 293 and 294:
pants meeting once per week for thr
Page 295 and 296:
the men believed that they should n
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in the intervention village were si
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positive impacts. The quasi-experim
Page 301 and 302:
Samoa, Serbia and Montenegro, Thail
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factor associated with sexual assau
Page 305 and 306:
What Works—Strengthening the Enab
Page 307 and 308:
worked with women’s groups, radio
Page 309 and 310:
of school in addressing gender-base
Page 311 and 312:
11C. Strengthening the Enabling Env
Page 313 and 314:
also widely used worldwide and part
Page 315 and 316:
ecognize women’s property rights
Page 317 and 318:
Promising Strategies:2. Community o
Page 319 and 320:
11D. Strengthening the Enabling Env
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
more likely to report having used a
Page 325 and 326:
likely than illiterate women to kno
Page 327 and 328:
of the women surveyed were HIV-posi
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countries extending the fee aboliti
Page 331 and 332:
families and separated from their c
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
used the resource “Understanding
Page 337 and 338:
6. Support groups for people living
Page 339 and 340:
11G. Strengthening the Enabling Env
Page 341 and 342:
EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Inv
Page 343 and 344:
Chapter 12.Care and SupportA. Women
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ical care provided by family member
Page 347 and 348:
dealing with their sorrow, grief, a
Page 349 and 350:
What Works—Care and Support: Wome
Page 351 and 352:
2. Peer support groups can be highl
Page 353 and 354:
discriminated unjustly against them
Page 355 and 356:
6. Home-based antiretroviral therap
Page 357 and 358:
12B. Care and Support: Orphans and
Page 359 and 360:
(Thurman et al., 2007). As of 2008,
Page 361 and 362:
care and services were provided, wh
Page 363 and 364:
for treatment can be safely monitor
Page 365 and 366:
A study done in Kenya (year not giv
Page 367 and 368:
ather than a narrowly defined HIV/A
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7. Further interventions to provide
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ning providers, antenatal care and
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What Works—Structuring Health Ser
Page 376 and 377:
counts available at primary health
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Pregnant women reported feeling out
Page 380 and 381:
Before implementation of the PMTCT
Page 382 and 383:
accessing PMTCT. An evaluation of 3
Page 384 and 385:
A mathematical model based on TB tr
Page 386 and 387:
1. Improved integration is needed b
Page 388 and 389:
15. Additional efforts are needed t
Page 390 and 391:
Community-based Care is holistic ca
Page 392 and 393:
Microfinance is often defined as fi
Page 394 and 395:
Sexuality is a central aspect of be
Page 397 and 398:
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Akabaysh, H. and G. Psacharopoulos.
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“What Works compiles a wealth of
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