What Works for Women and Girls

last sex, having ever used a condom, and consistent uses of condoms. Among males inTanzania, consistent use of condoms, condom use at first sex, and modern contraceptiveuse at first sex significantly increased, although their use remained low (28, 44, and 43percent, respectively). The study limitations included a lack of comparable baseline data(Williams et al 2007). An evaluation of the in-school Life Planning Skills component ofAfrican Youth Alliance’s program in Botswana found that the program increased knowledgeof HIV transmission, improved risk reduction behaviors among those who feltat risk (getting tested for HIV, reducing partners, using condoms, or abstaining), andincreased both the intention to use and actual use of condoms. Due to the program’ssuccess, the AYA Life Planning Skills manual was adopted for use in secondary schoolsnationwide in 2004 (African Youth Alliance 2007). (Gray III) (adolescents, condoms, sexbehavior, Uganda, Tanzania, Ghana, Botswana)A survey of 933 university students (mostly ages 20–24) in Harare, Zimbabwe foundthat students who had participated in SHAPE (Sustainability, Hope, Action, Prevention,Education), a comprehensive HIV/AIDS education program that organized workshops,topical seminars, clubs, and sports teams for university and school-aged youth, wereless likely to have ever had sex and had fewer sexual partners in the past year (mean 1.4for SHAPE members vs. 2.2 for non-SHAPE respondents). SHAPE participants weremore likely to have discussed AIDS in the past month (95% to 83.4%), have been testedfor HIV (85% vs. 76%), get treatment for AIDS, consider abstinence as a preventionpractice for HIV, and more likely to have seen a female condom. SHAPE programs hadbeen active at the University of Zimbabwe for two years prior to the survey. However,because the rate of consistent condom usage was only 70% for both participants andcontrol students, it is possible that “the most vulnerable couples are those who believethey know each other well enough to forgo condoms.” (Terry et al., 2006). (Gray III)(youth, condoms, sex behavior, sexual partners, female condom, Zimbabwe)9. Increased employment opportunities, microfinance, or small-scale income generatingactivities can reduce risky behavior—particularly among young people. [See Chapter 11D.Strengthening the Enabling Environment: Promoting Women’s Employment, Income andLivelihood Opportunities]134 CHAPTER 5 PREVENTION FOR YOUNG PEOPLE