What Works for Women and Girls

including men for whom the proportion increased from 32% in 1995 to 42% in 2005.Among women aged 15 to 19, those who reported never having had sex increased from38% in 1995 to 54% in 2005. In addition, the proportion of sexually experienced womenaged 15 to 19 who reported no sex in the 12 months preceding the survey rose from7% in 1989 to 18% in 2005. Interventions included public health education, condompromotion, HIV counseling and testing, etc. (Opio et al., 2008). A more recent analysisof DHS data found that women in Uganda who were born after 1970 have, on average,had sex at a later age than those born earlier (Slaymaker et al., 2009). (Gray III) (youth,sex behavior, communication, Uganda)A study of population-based sexual behavior surveys in one urban and one rural communityof young people ages 15 to 24 in Zambia from 1995, with 1,720 youth, in 1999 with1,946 youth and 2003, with 2,637 youth found that the proportion of both women andmen who reported more than one sexual partner in the year immediately prior to thesurvey declined. The percent of urban young women who reported using a condomat their last sexual intercourse in 1995 was 36% but this increased to 57% by 2003. In1999, 15% of urban females and 42% of rural males ages 15 to 19 reported sex beforethe age of 15; this decreased to 5% of urban females and 24% of rural males by 2003.The change in behavior may be linked to the nationwide comprehensive HIV preventioncampaigns launched in the early 1990s (Sandøy et al., 2007). (Gray IV) (youth, sexbehavior, condoms, mass media, Zambia)A review of surveillance data between 1998 and 2003 in Manicaland, Zimbabwe amonga population cohort of 9,454 adults found evidence for delay in the onset of sexualactivity among adolescent men and women. At baseline, 45% of young men ages 17 to19 reported having commenced sexual activity; 3 years later, 27% of the same age groupreported having started sexual activity. During the same time period, the percentageof 15 to 17 year old women who reported sexual experience fell from 21% to 9%. HIVprevalence fell by 23% among men aged 17 to 29 and by 49% among women aged 15 to24 years (Gregson et al., 2006). (Gray IV) (youth, sex behavior, Zimbabwe)A review of three independent data sources in Zimbabwe—mortality rates; HIV prevalencedata from ANC clinics; and DHS sexual behavior from 1988 to 2005—foundthat behavioral changes in the late 1990s contributed to generating substantial reductionsin HIV incidence, with reductions in the numbers reporting having started sex,decreased numbers of casual partners and decreased sex work linked to generatingsubstantial reduction in HIV incidence. Distribution of condoms also increased (Hallettet al., 2008b). (Abstract) (adolescents, sex behavior, condoms, Zimbabwe)6. Promoting condoms for pregnancy prevention may increase condom use for safe sexamong young people.Over 75% of 3,000 male and female college students ages 18 to 24 in South Africasurveyed reported condom use at last sexual intercourse, primarily to prevent preg-WHAT WORKS FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS131