What Works for Women and Girls

training programs. The lecturers were trained in sexuality, Positive Youth Development,and Learning Design. The Comprehensive Sexuality Education Learning Design coursetaught about human development, relationships, sexual health and behaviors, personalskills, society, and cultures. It also required a one-semester internship in a schoolteaching sexuality education, which brought the Comprehensive Sexuality Educationprogram to 253 primary and secondary schools. An evaluation found that most primaryand secondary school students exposed to the Comprehensive Sexuality Education classfound it to be useful, practical, applicable to real life, and would suggest that all studentsobtain sexuality education. Teachers reported, “to teach sexuality education well,teachers have to understand young people and be open-minded as sometimes studentsknow more than we expected,” and “teachers have to always be updated on all issues asstudents always have questions about sex” (Vechmee, 2008). (Abstract) (adolescents, sexeducation, training programs, Thailand)3. Mass media and social marketing campaigns are modestly effective in persuading bothfemale and male adolescents to change risky behaviors.A systematic review of the effectiveness of 24 mass media interventions on HIV-relatedknowledge, attitudes and behaviors was undertaken in 2006. The intervention studieswere published from 1990 through 2004 and reported data from developing countriescomparing outcomes using (i) pre- and post-intervention data, (ii) treatment versuscontrol (comparison) groups or (iii) post-intervention data across levels of exposure.The most frequently reported outcomes were condom use (17 studies) and knowledgeof modes of HIV transmission (15), followed by reduction in high-risk sexual behavior(eight), perceived risk of contracting HIV/AIDS (six), interpersonal communicationabout AIDS or condom use (six), self-efficacy to negotiate condom use (four) andabstaining from sexual relations (three). The review yielded mixed results, and wherestatistically significant, the effect size was small to moderate (in some cases as low as1–2% point increase). On two of the seven outcomes, at least half of the studies did showa positive impact of the mass media: knowledge of HIV transmission and reduction inhigh-risk sexual behavior. Further rigorous evaluation on comprehensive programs isrequired to provide a more definitive answer to the question of media effects on HIV/AIDS-related behavior in developing countries (Bertrand et al., 2006). (Gray I) (massmedia, condom use, transmission, sex behavior)A case control survey study conducted in Rwanda between 2000 and 2002 evaluatedthe effectiveness of a social marketing campaign targeting nearly 150,000 youth withmessages promoting the use of a multipurpose, youth-friendly center that provides VCT,STI diagnosis, and reproductive health services. The study found that youth exposed tothe program were more likely to use VCT services, and more likely to have had an HIVtest in the past year, increasing from 2% in both sexes to 7% in males and 9% in females.Peer educators, radio shows, print materials, and mobile video-unit shows were usedto motivate youth to practice safe behaviors and visit the youth-friendly health center,WHAT WORKS FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS125