Near Threatened Amphibian Species - Amphibian Specialist Group

APPENDICESAPPENDIX I. THE IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIAA representation of the relationships between the categories is shown in Figure 1.Throughout this publication reference is made to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2001). These areintended to be an easily and widely understood system for identifying and classifying species at high risk of globalextinction. The general aim of the system is to provide an explicit, objective framework for the classification of thebroadest range of species according to their extinction risk. It is important to note that although the Red List systemmay focus attention on those taxa at highest risk, it is not intended to be the sole means of identifying and settingpriorities for conservation action.Summaries of the Red List Categories (this appendix) and Criteria (Appendix Ib) are presented here. However, readersare referred to the full version of the system available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/categories_criteria2001.html. PDF versions in English, French and Spanish can also be downloaded from http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlists/RLcats2001booklet.html.During the development of the Red List Categories and Criteria and the subsequent Criteria Review process, anumber of difficult issues were encountered that were not fully resolved. As solutions arise, rather than constantlymodifying the Red List Criteria, a set of ‘User Guidelines’ have been developed that provide advice on how to dealwith some of these issues, and how to apply the criteria under particular circumstances (in other words, they are bestpractice guidelines). These ‘User Guidelines’ are in effect a living document that is periodically updated; the latest PDFversion of which can be downloaded from http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlists/RedListGuidelines.pdf.[Evaluated][Adequate data]Extinct (EX)Extinct in the Wild (EW)Critically Endangered (CR)[Threatened]Endangered (EN)Vulnerable (VU)Near Threatened (NT)Least Concern (LC)Data Defi cient (DD)Not Evaluated (NE)Increasing extinction riskUnknownextinction riskAppendix Ia. The IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN 2001)Note: Threatened species are listed in one of the three categories printed in red.Category Abbreviation DefinitionExtinct EX Species for which extensive surveys show there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.Extinct in the wild EW Species that survive only in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range.Critically Endangered CR Species that are facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild (i.e., when the best available evidence indicates that they meet any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered in Appendix Ib).Endangered EN Species that are facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild (i.e., when the best available evidence indicates that they meet any of the criteria A to E for Endangered in Appendix Ib).Vulnerable VU Species that are facing a high risk of extinction in the wild (i.e., when the best available evidence indicates that they meet any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable in Appendix Ib).Near Threatened NT Species that do not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but are close to qualifying for or are likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.Least Concern LC Species that do not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant species are included in this category.Data Defi cient DD Species for which there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment extinction risk based on distribution and/or population status. A species in this category may be well studied,and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Defi cient is therefore not a category of threat.Appendix Ib. Summary of the five criteria (A-E) used to evaluate if aspecies belongs in a Threatened category (Critically Endangered,Endangered or Vulnerable)Use any of the criteria A–E Critically Endangered Endangered VulnerableA. Population reduction Declines measured over the longer of 10 years or 3 generationsA1 ≥ 90% ≥ 70% ≥ 50%A2, A3 & A4 ≥ 80% ≥ 50% ≥ 30%A1. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND have ceased, based on and specifying any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and/or habitat quality(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.A2. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of reduction may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (a) to (e) under A1.A3. Population reduction projected or suspected to be met in the future (up to a maximum of 100 years) based on (b) to (e) under A1.A4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population reduction (up to a maximum of 100 years) where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the causes of reduction may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR maynot be reversible, based on (a) to (e) under A1.B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) AND/OR B2 (area of occupancy)B1. Extent of occurrence (EOO) < 100 km² < 5,000 km² < 20,000 km²B2. Area of occupancy (AOO) < 10 km² < 500 km² < 2,000 km²AND at least 2 of the following:(a) Severely fragmented, OR= 1 ≤ 5 ≤ 10Number of locations(b) Continuing decline in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (iv) number of locations or subpopulations; (v) number of mature individuals.(c) Extreme fl uctuations in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) number of locations or subpopulations; (iv) number of mature individuals.C. Small population size and declineNumber of mature individuals < 250 < 2,500 < 10,000AND either C1 or C2:C1. An estimated continuing decline of at least:25% in 3 years or 1 generation 20% in 5 years or 2 generations 10% in 10 years or 3 generations(up to a max. of 100 years in future)C2. A continuing decline AND (a) and/or (b):(a i) Number of mature individuals in each subpopulation: < 50 < 250 < 1,000or(a ii) % individuals in one subpopulation = 90-100% 95-100% 100%(b) Extreme fl uctuations in the number of mature individuals.D. Very small or restricted populationEither: Number of mature individuals < 50 < 250 D1. < 1,000AND/ORRestricted area of occupancyD2. typically: AOO < 20 km² ornumber of locations ≤ 5E. Quantitative AnalysisIndicating the probability of extinction in the wild to be: ≥ 50% in 10 years or 3 generations (100 years max.) ≥ 20% in 20 years or 5 generations (100 years max.) ≥ 10% in 100 years