Near Threatened Amphibian Species - Amphibian Specialist Group

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624Threatened Amphibians of the WorldBoophis majori (Boulenger, 1896)MANTELLIDAEThis species occurs in eastern Madagascar from Ambohimitombo south to Andringitra, from 900-1,500m asl. Recordsfrom elsewhere require confirmation, and probably refer to other species. It is locally common where found. This isa rainforest species that is not found in secondary habitats. It is most often seen at night along streams in which itprobably breeds. The major threat to this species is rapid loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to subsistenceagriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expandinghuman settlements. It occurs in Parc National d’Andringitra and Parc National de Ranomafana.Taxonomy: The taxonomy of this species was revised by Glaw et al. (2001).Bibliography: Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. (1979b), Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Glaw, F. et al.. (2001), Glaw,F. and Vences, M. (1994)Data Providers: Ronald Nussbaum, Frank Glaw, Miguel VencesBoophis occidentalis Glaw and Vences, 1994This species has been recorded from four widely separated localities in western and north-western Madagascar: Isalo;Bemaraha; Sahamalaza, and outside the Réserve Spéciale de Kalambatritra. It occurs from close to sea level up to800m asl. There is little information on the population status of this species, but it can be locally abundant. It lives indry and transitional forest, and has been found in severely degraded habitats with planted trees along streams in avillage, although it probably cannot survive in completely open habitats. It is an explosive breeder in streams. The majorthreat to this species is rapid habitat loss and degradation due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoalmanufacture, livestock grazing, fires and expanding human settlements. It is probably also affected by pollution of itsbreeding streams. It occurs in Parc National de Isalo and is likely to occur in the Réserve Spéciale de Kalambatritra,although it has not yet been found there. It also occurs in one planned protected area (Sahamalaza).Taxonomy: This species was previously considered to be a subspecies of Boophis albilabris, but it was raised to full specific rank byAndreone et al. (2002). The north-western population could perhaps belong to an undescribed species (M. Vences pers. comm.).Bibliography: Andreone, F. (1993), Andreone, F. et al. (2002), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994)Data Providers: Frank Glaw, Miguel Vences, John CadleBoophis rhodoscelis (Boulenger, 1882)This species occurs only in east-central Madagascar. Although there has been some confusion in identifying thisspecies, studies of type specimens show that it clearly represents a valid, distinct species that seems to be restrictedto highland areas from 900-1,500m asl. It is a rare species, known from only a few localities. It lives in rainforest, andalso in open grassland close to forest fragments. Breeding presumably takes place in streams and brooks. This speciesis threatened by the loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoalmanufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing, fires and expanding human settlements. It occurs inParc National de Ranomafana, and probably in several other protected areas, including those near Andasibe.Bibliography: Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. (1979b), Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994),Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1997), Raxworthy, C.J. and Nussbaum, R.A. (1996b), Vallan, D. (2000b)Data Providers: Franco Andreone, Miguel Vences, Denis VallanBoophis rufioculis Glaw and Vences, 1997 “1996”This species occurs in the central part of the eastern rainforest belt of Madagascar, from Mantadia south to Antoetra,from 900-1,200m asl. It is locally common. This species is found only in pristine rainforest, and probably breeds insmall brooks and streams. Its forest habitat is receding due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoalmanufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements. It occurs in ParcNational de Mantadia.Bibliography: Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1997), Vallan, D. (2002), Vallan, D. et al. (2004)Data Providers: Frank Glaw, Denis VallanMantella laevigata Methuen and Hewitt, 1913CLIMBING MANTELLAThis species is relatively widely distributed in north-eastern Madagascar, from Marojejy south to Folohy (where itshabitat has been degraded), and occurs from 0-600m asl. It is known from more than five localities and probablyoccurs at more sites than are currently known. It is locally abundant. This is a rainforest species, which is oftenparticularly abundant in bamboo forest and other types of forest with abundant tree holes (in which it breeds). It isprimarily terrestrial but also climbs on low vegetation. Its forest habitat is receding due to subsistence agriculture,timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding humansettlements. It is traded in low numbers for the international pet trade, but not at a level that is likely to constitutea threat. This species occurs in several protected areas, and is also maintained and bred in several facilities outsideMadagascar. CITES Appendix II.Bibliography: Andreone, F. et al. (2000), Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Busse, K. (1980), Daly, J.W. et al. (1996),Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1992b), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994), Glaw, F., Vences, M. and Schmidt, K. (2000), Guibé, J. (1978), Heying,H. (2001), Oetter, K., Wanke, S. and Vences, M. (2001), Raselimanana, A.P., Raxworthy, C.J. and Nussbaum, R.A. (2000), Staniszewski,M. (2001), Vences, M. et al. (1998), Vences, M., Glaw, F. and Böhme, W. (1999)Data Providers: Franco Andreone, Frank GlawMantidactylus bertini (Guibé, 1947)This species has a relatively broad distribution in south-eastern Madagascar from Ranomafana south to Andohahela,and occurs from 500-1,300m asl. It is a rather rare species. It lives in crevices among boulders and rocky areas, usuallyclose to flowing waters. This species is found in pristine forest, and does not survive in secondary or degraded areas.The details of its breeding biology are unknown, though breeding possibly takes place in water flowing among rocks.This species is threatened by the loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to subsistence agriculture, timberextraction, charcoal manufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements.It occurs in Parc National de Ranomafana, Parc National d’Andringitra and Parc National d’Andohahela, and in theRéserve Spéciale du Pic d’Ivohibe.Bibliography: Andreone, F. and Randriamahazo, H. (1997), Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Glaw, F. and Vences, M.(1994), Nussbaum, R.A. et al. (1999), Raxworthy, C.J. and Nussbaum, R.A. (1996a)Data Providers: Ronald Nussbaum, John Cadle, Franco AndreoneMantidactylus blanci (Guibé, 1974)This species occurs in the Ranomafana area, south through the Andringitra Mountains to the Chaines Anosyennes,in south-eastern Madagascar. It has been recorded at 800-1,500m asl, and possibly also occurs lowerthan this. It is a locally abundant species. It is a terrestrial species of rainforest that is not tied to water, andalso occurs in somewhat degraded habitats. Breeding presumably takes place by direct development. Its foresthabitat is receding due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, the invasive spreadof eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements. It occurs in Parc National de Ranomafana andParc National d’Andringitra.Taxonomy: This species was removed from the synonymy of Mantidactylus decaryi by Glaw and Vences (2000).Bibliography: Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (2000), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (2002a)Data Providers: Miguel Vences, Frank GlawMantidactylus decaryi (Angel, 1930)This species is known from many localities in south-eastern Madagascar from Ranomafana south to Midongy-du-Sud,from 700-1,050m asl. It is a locally common species. It inhabits primary and secondary rainforest, and is sometimesfound in quite disturbed habitats. Breeding takes place by direct development, and away from water. This species isthreatened by the loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoalmanufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements. It occurs in ParcNational de Ranomafana, the Réserve Spéciale du Pic Ivohibe, and Parc National de Midongy-du-Sud.Taxonomy: This species can be confused with Mantidactylus boulengeri and M. leucomaculatus (F. Andreone pers. comm.). Mantidactylusblanci was recently removed from the synonymy of M. decaryi by Glaw and Vences (2000).Bibliography: Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (2000),Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (2002a)Data Providers: Frank Glaw, John CadleMantidactylus leucocephalus (Angel, 1930)This species occurs in south-eastern Madagascar, from Mindongy-du-Sud south to Fort Dauphin, from near sea levelup to 900m asl. It is very abundant. This adaptable species does require some tree cover, and lives in leaf-litter inrainforest, degraded habitats, and eucalyptus plantations. It is independent of water and is presumed to breed bydirect development. This species is threatened by the loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to subsistenceagriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements. It occursin Parc National d’Andohahela and Parc National de Midongy-du-Sud.Taxonomy: This species was previously considered to be part of Mantidactylus boulengeri (Glaw and Vences 2002a).Bibliography: Andreone, F. and Randriamahazo, H. (1997), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (2002a)Data Providers: Christopher Raxworthy, Franco AndreoneMantidactylus leucomaculatus (Guibé, 1975)This species occurs in northern Madagascar from Marojejy south to Ambatovaky, and from the islands of Nosy Boraha(Ile St Marie) and Nosy Mangabe. It has been recorded from sea level up to 700m asl. It is locally abundant, but very rarein some places. This species is found only in undisturbed rainforest, where it lives independently of water, and probablybreeds by direct development. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to subsistenceagriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expandinghuman settlements. It occurs in Parc National de Marojejy and Parc National de Masoala, the Réserve Spéciale deNosy Mangabe and the Réserve Spéciale d’Ambatovaky, and the Réserve de Biosphère de Mananara-Nord.Taxonomy: This species was considered to be Boophis maculatus by Blommers-Schlosser and Blanc (1991).Bibliography: Andreone, F. et al. (2003a), Andreone, F. and Randriamahazo, H. (1997), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1992a), Glaw, F.and Vences, M. (1992c), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994), Guibé, J. (1975), Guibé, J. (1978), Raselimanana, A.P., Raxworthy, C.J. andNussbaum, R.A. (2000)Data Providers: Franco Andreone, Christopher RaxworthyMantidactylus plicifer (Boulenger, 1882)This species has been recorded from two localities at 400-900m asl in south-eastern Madagascar: Ranomafana,and Chaines Anosyennes. It is suspected to occur more widely, in particular between these two known sites. It is amoderately common species, but is less common than the closely related Mantidactylus luteus. This is a species ofpristine rainforest only. It is not tied to water, so presumably breeds by direct development. It is threatened by theloss and degradation of its forest habitat due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture,invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements. It occurs in Parc National deRanomafana, and perhaps in Parc National d’Andohahela.Taxonomy: This species is similar to Mantidactylus luteus, and some specimens and populations might be confused between thesetwo species. It was recently revised by Vences and Glaw (2001).Bibliography: Andreone, F. et al. (2003a), Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994), Vences,M. and Glaw, F. (2001)Data Providers: Frank Glaw, Miguel VencesMantidactylus spiniferus Blommers-Schlösser and Blanc, 1991This species is known only from south-eastern Madagascar, from Andringitra south to Andohahela, where it ranges from600-1,000m asl. Records from north-eastern Madagascar are erroneous. It is a rare species with a patchy distribution.This is a species of pristine rainforest only, which does not live in altered habitats. It is found on the forest fl oor, andis particularly associated with bamboo. Breeding is presumed to be by direct development. It is threatened by theloss and degradation of its forest habitat due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture,invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements. It occurs in the Réserve Spécialede Kalambatritra, Parc National d’Andohahela, and Parc National d’Andringitra.Bibliography: Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994), Nussbaum, R.A. et al. (1999), Vences,M. and Glaw, F. (2001)Data Providers: Christopher Raxworthy, Miguel VencesLeptolalax dringi Dubois, 1987MEGOPHRYIDAEThis Bornean endemic has been found at many sites in Sabah, and in adjacent parts of Sarawak and Kalimantan, from200-1,500m asl. There are no estimates of subpopulation status, but it is not rare at sites where it has been found. It
Near Threatened Amphibian Species 625lives in closed-canopy forests, and breeding occurs in small, clear, rocky streams. The main threat to this species isclearance of its forest habitat. It is found in several large parks in Sabah, Sarawak and east Kalimantan.Bibliography: Dubois, A. (1987), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Inger, R.F., Stuebing, R.B. and Tan, F.-L. (1995), Malkmus, R. etal. (2002), Matsui, M. (1997)Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul YambunLeptolalax gracilis (Günther, 1872)This species has been recorded mainly from Borneo, where there are records from Sarawak (Malaysia), Kalimantan(Indonesia) and Brunei Darussalam. In peninsular Malaysia, records from two mountain peaks (Gunung Tahan andGunung Benom) have been assigned to this species (Grandison 1972; Berry 1975). In Peninsular Thailand there arerecords from Thong Pha Phum Forest, in Kanchanaburi Province, but these require verification. It probably occurs morewidely on Borneo than current records suggest. It has an altitudinal range of 150 to above 1,500m asl. In Borneo itappears to be abundant at some sites in some years and much less common in others, while in Peninsular Malaysiait appears to be an uncommon species. It is confined to primary and old secondary rainforests. Adults and juvenileslive in the floor litter and in the herb and shrub strata. Breeding occurs in streams with clear water and sandy to rockybottoms. Larvae live amid the rocks on the bottom of the watercourse. Deforestation is the principal threat to thisspecies, while siltation of streams following deforestation is a threat to the larval habitat. In mainland SoutheastAsia one population is securely protected in Taman Negara National Park, and this species is also found in at leastthree protected areas in Borneo.Taxonomy: Dubois (1983) suggested that the Peninsular Malaysian populations might be taxonomically distinct from Bornean Leptolalaxgracilis.Bibliography: Berry, P.Y. (1975), Dubois, A. (1983), Grandison, A.C.G. (1972a), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997)Data Providers: Peter Paul van Dijk, Robert Inger, Jeet Sukumaran, Yodchaiy ChuaynkernLeptolalax maurus Inger, Lakim, Biun and Yambun, 1997This species is currently known only from Gunung Kinabalu, Borneo, at 1,850m asl. There is no information on its populationstatus. All known specimens were found on the ground in montane forest (oak-chestnut); breeding presumably takesplace in streams. There are currently no major threats to this species. It is found in Gunung Kinabalu National Park.Bibliography: Inger, R.F et al. (1997), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. (2000), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002)Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul YambunMegophrys kobayashiiMatsui and Malkmus, 1997KOBAYASHI’S HORNED FROGThis species is restricted to Gunung Kinabalu National Park, the Crocker Range, and Mount Trus Madi, Borneo,from 1,300-1,600m asl. It is recorded infrequently. It is a terrestrial species of montane forests, and breeding takesplace in small forest streams. There are currently no major threats to this species. All known populations are withinprotected areas.Bibliography: Malkmus, R. et al. (2002), Malkmus, R. and Matsui, M. (1997)Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul YambunOreolalax lichuanensis Hu and Fei, 1979This species is known from Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou and Chongqing Provinces in central China, from 1,790-2,300m asl. It is uncommon. It occurs in forest and shrubland habitat, and breeding takes place in small, shallowgradientstreams. The major threats to this species are very rapid habitat destruction and degradation, through loggingin particular. Its range overlaps several protected areas.Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Liu, C.-C., Hu, S.-Q. and Fei, L. (1979), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996)Data Providers: Fei Liang, Ye ChangyuanOreolalax rugosus (Liu, 1943)This species is known from southern Sichuan and northern Yunnan Provinces, China, from 1,800-3,300m asl. It appearsto have a small population. It inhabits riparian habitats, and breeds in small- to medium-sized hill streams. The majorthreats to this species are habitat destruction and degradation due to clear-felling and agricultural expansion. Therange of this species overlaps with several protected areas.Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Liu, C.C. (1943), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), The Comprehensive Scientific Expedition to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (1997), Ye, C.-Y, Fei, L. and Hu, S.Q. (1993)Data Providers: Fei Liang, Wu GuanfuOreolalax schmidti (Liu, 1947)This species is endemic to central Sichuan Province in China, and occurs from 1,700-2,520m asl. It is known fromonly seven or eight locations and its population appears to be small. It occurs in shrublands and coniferous forest,and breeding takes place in small streams and marshes. Habitat destruction and degradation are possible threats tothis species. Its range overlaps several protected areas.Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Inger, R.F. et al. (1990), Liu, C.C. (1947), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), The Comprehensive ScientificExpedition to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (1997)Data Providers: Xie Feng, Wu GuanfuVibrissaphora ailaonica Yang, Chen and Ma, 1983This species is restricted to Ailaoshan and Wuliangshan in central Yunnan Province, China, from 800-2,600m asl. Itis rare and difficult to find. It inhabits evergreen broadleaf forests and breeds in slow-flowing streams. Its habitat iswell protected, and it is not facing any known threats. The entire known range of this species is within Ailaoshanand Wuliangshan National Nature Reserves.Bibliography: MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Yang, D.-T. (1991b), Yang, D.-T. et al. (1983), Ye, C.-Y, Fei, L. and Hu, S.Q. (1993)Data Providers: Yang Datong, Lu ShunqingXenophrys baluensis (Boulenger, 1899)KINABALU HORNED FROGThis species is known from Gunung Kinabalu and the Crocker Range on Borneo, in Sabah (Malaysia), from 1,200-1,900masl. There are no estimates of the status of its subpopulations but it does not appear to be abundant. It is restricted tomontane forests, where adults and juveniles have been found in leaf-litter on the forest floor. Breeding is thought totake place in slow-flowing regions of clear, rocky streams. There are no major threats to this species. The two protectedareas in which it is found, namely Gunung Kinabalu and Tama Negara National Parks, are well protected.Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002)Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul YambunXenophrys dringiInger, Stuebing and Tan, 1995DRING’S HORNED FROGThis species is known only from Gunung Mulu National Park, Borneo, at 1,800m asl, and has not been found inKinabalu National Park despite intensive sampling there, so its range appears to be genuinely restricted. There isvery little information on population status. The only known specimens were found along a small, clear, rocky streamin montane forest. Larvae presumably develop in slow-flowing parts of these streams. There are no major threatsto this species since its habitat is well protected. Continued protection of Gunung Mulu National Park is required toensure the long-term conservation of this species.Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Inger, R.F., Stuebing, R.B. and Tan, F.-L. (1995)Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul YambunXenophrys longipes (Boulenger, 1886)This species is only known from the mountain ranges of southern Peninsular Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, from300-1,000m asl. Records from Cambodia remain unconfirmed. It probably occurs more widely than current recordssuggest. This is an uncommon species even in prime habitat. It inhabits undisturbed evergreen rainforest andmontane moss forest. Larvae live in small, clear, swift-fl owing streams. Some subpopulations might be threatenedby local forest clearance, although overall its montane forest habitat is reasonably secure. It occurs in a numberof protected areas in Thailand, including the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, but stronger protection of its habitat inPeninsular Malaysia is required.Taxonomy: Records of Xenophrys longipes from northern Viet Nam (Tran et al. 1992) are provisionally placed under Megophryslateralis; while these animals might represent a taxon distinct from M. lateralis, they are unlikely to be conspecific with X. longipesfrom Peninsular Malaysia.Bibliography: Berry, P.Y. (1975), Chan-ard, T. et al. (1999), Inger, R.F., Orlov, N. and Darevsky, I.S. (1999), Leong, T.M. (2001a), Leong,T.M. and Chou, L.M. (1998), Leong, T.M. and Lim, K.K.P. (2003), OEPP - Office of Environmental Planning and Policy [of Thailand] (1997),Orlov, N.L. et al. (2000), Taylor, E.H. (1962), Tran, K. et al. (1992)Data Providers: Yodchaiy Chuaynkern, Norsham Yaakob, Jeet Sukumaran, Leong Tzi MingXenophrys mangshanensis(Fei and Ye, 1991)MANGSHAN HORNED TOADThis species is known from southern Hunan and northern Gaungdong Provinces in China, from 380 to over 1,000masl. It is a very rare species. It inhabits forests and streams (in which it breeds). The major threats to this species arehabitat destruction and degradation, arising from smallholder agriculture and dam construction. It is recorded fromat least one protected area, Mangshan National Nature Reserve.Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Fei, L., Ye, C.Y. and Huang Y. Z. (1990), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996)Data Providers: Michael Wai Neng Lau, Bosco ChanXenophrys omeimontis (Liu, 1950)OMEI HORNED TOADThis species is known from six locations in southern Sichuan, China, from 700-1,500m asl. Records tentatively referredto this species were reported from Fan Si Pan Mountain, Lao Cai Province, northern Viet Nam, at 1,400-1,900m asl, byOrlov et al. (2000), but the identity of these records has not yet been confirmed. This is a common species. It inhabitshill streams and forests, and breeding takes place in streams. The habitat of this species is threatened by smallholderfarming activities and tourism. Part of the range of this species falls within protected areas in China. The one locationin Viet Nam from which it has been tentatively recorded is within Hoang Lien Son National Park.Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Inger, R.F. et al. (1990), Liu, C.C. (1950), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Orlov, N.L. et al. (2000), Ye, C.-Y,Fei, L. and Hu, S.Q. (1993)Data Providers: Fei Liang, Wu Guanfu, Peter Paul van Dijk, Annemarie OhlerCophixalus bombiens Zweifel, 1985MICROHYLIDAEBUZZING FROGThis Australian endemic is known from Windsor Tableland, Thornton Peak, Shiptons Flat, Mount Boolbun Southand Cape Tribulation, in northern Queensland, Australia, from 900-1,300m asl. It occurs at high densities. It inhabitsmoist vine forest, and calls from sticks, logs and low vegetation, and from under leaves on the forest fl oor. It appearsto have persisted in areas selectively logged within the past 15 years. Breeding is believed to take place by directdevelopment. The major threat to this species is surface water extraction and resulting changes in flow regimes. Itonly occurs in a small area of state forest (McDonald 1992), which provides protection for its habitat, although thespecies does not occur in a national park.Bibliography: Barker, J., Grigg, G. and Tyler, M. (1995), Hoskin C.J. (2004), McDonald, K.R. (1992), Zweifel, R.G. (1985)Data Providers: Jean-Marc Hero, Ross Alford, Michael Cunningham, Conrad Hoskin, Keith McDonaldCophixalus crepitans Zweifel, 1985RATTLING FROGThis Australian endemic is known only from a single location, north-east of Coen, in the McIlwraith Range, easternCape York Peninsula, in the far north of Queensland. It has a large population, spread over a moderate area, despitebeing known only from a single location. This species is confined to vine forest within tropical rainforest. It breedsby direct development. The main threat to this species is habitat degradation resulting from tourist activities. Itsrange is within a protected area.Bibliography: Barker, J., Grigg, G. and Tyler, M. (1995), Hoskin C.J. (2004), Zweifel, R.G. (1985)Data Providers: Jean-Marc Hero, Ross Alford, Michael Cunningham, Conrad Hoskin, Keith McDonaldCophixalus exiguus Zweifel and Parker, 1969SCANTY FROGThis Australian endemic is found in a small area south of Cooktown, north-eastern Queensland, where, after a gap of25 years, it was recently collected from Big Tableland, between 555 and 620m asl. It is an abundant species within itsrestricted range. This species is found beneath cover (logs, stones, and leaf-litter) in rainforest comprising vine forest,including areas with Acacia. It calls from beneath leaves and in hollow tree trunks. Breeding takes place by direct development.Threats to this species arise mainly from human impacts on the national parks it inhabits, including for example:erosion following human traffic, and development of walking tracks and other tourist facilities. Improved managementof the protected areas in this species’ range is necessary to limit the disturbance caused by tourist activities.
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APPENDICESAPPENDIX I. THE IUCN RED
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Appendices 695Genus Total EX EW CR
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Appendices 697Order Family Genus Sp
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Appendices 699Order Family Genus Sp
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Appendices 701Country Number of spe
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Appendices 703corrections to the da
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Appendices 705Species scientific na
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Appendices 725Scientific Name Water
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Appendices 727Order Family Scientif
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Appendices 729APPENDIX XI. LIST OF
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Appendices 731Dendropsophus sartori
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Appendices 733Leptopelis oryi - Con
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Appendices 735Oreolalax popei - Chi
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Appendices 737Ptychadena mahnerti -
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Appendices 739Boulengerula ulugurue
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Appendices 741Alsodes igneus - Chil
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Appendices 743Hymenochirus feae - G
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Appendices 745SpeciesBrazil GAA wor
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INDEX OF EXTINCT, THREATENED AND NE
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Index of Extinct, Threatened and Ne
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Near Threatened Amphibian Species - Amphibian Specialist Group

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