Near Threatened Amphibian Species - Amphibian Specialist Group

Near Threatened Amphibian Species 621vegetation in primary and secondary cloud forest. Although it has not been recorded outside forest it is tolerant of adegree of habitat disturbance. Breeding is by direct development. Habitat loss caused by agricultural development(including the cultivation of illegal crops) is a localized threat to this species, but there are currently no major threatsto it. Other high-altitude, stream-breeding Eleutherodactylus species have undergone declines possibly due tochytridiomycosis, so this might be a potential future threat. It occurs in Parque Nacional Natural Munchique, ParqueNacional Natural Farallones de Cali, and Parque Nacional Natural Tatamá. Given the possible threat of chytridiomycosisthis species should be monitored carefully.Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. (1986a), Lynch, J.D. (1998b), Lynch, J.D. (1999), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E.(1997), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996),Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Lynch, J.D. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997)Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John LynchEleutherodactylus oeus Heyer, 1984This species is known only from near Santa Teresa, in the state of Espirito Santo, south-eastern Brazil, at around650m asl, although it might be more widespread. It is a common species within its small known range. It lives inthe leaf-litter on the ground of primary and secondary forest, and breeds by direct development. The area wherethe species is found is quite well protected (as a biological reserve), but habitat loss is taking place nearby (wherethe species might occur), due to creation of wood plantations, smallholder farming, logging, human settlement andtourism. The biological reserve in which it occurs is the Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi.Bibliography: Haddad, C.F.B. and Abe, A.S. (1999), Heyer, W.R. (1984), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997)Data Providers: Bruno Pimenta, Oswaldo Luiz PeixotoEleutherodactylus pantoni Dunn, 1926This species is widespread in Jamaica, and has been recorded from 0-1,640m asl. It is considered to be a commonspecies. It is found in a variety of terrestrial habitats, including riparian forest, open forest and forest edges; it canalso be found in banana groves and pastures as long as they are near the forest edge, and can tolerate moderatehabitat disturbance. Eggs are laid on the ground, and it breeds by direct development. It is intolerant of completehabitat clearance arising from agricultural and infrastructural development. Its range includes Blue and John CrowMountains National Park, and several forest reserves.Bibliography: Hedges, S.B. (1993), Hedges, S.B. (1999), Hedges, S.B. (2001), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R (1999), Henderson, R.W.and Powell, R. (2001), Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. (1991)Data Providers: Blair Hedges, Susan Koenig, Byron WilsonEleutherodactylus percnopterus Duellman and Pramuk, 1999This species is endemic to Cajamarca and Amazonas Departments, northern Peru. It is present at two localities (at1,138m and 1,750m asl) on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera del Condór; a single locality (at 1,300m asl) on thesouthern edge of the Cordillera del Condór; and at altitudes of 1,830m asl and 2,400m asl in the northern part ofthe Cordillera Central. This species is believed to have a continuous distribution between the Cordillera del Condórand the Cordillera Central, and might prove to be more widespread. There is no information on its population status.Records of three adult males and one adult female were used to describe this species. It can be found in humidand semi-arid montane forest, but it is not known if it can occur in modified habitats. The holotype was collected inan arboreal bromeliad by day in semi-arid forest. Specimens from the eastern slopes of the Cordillera del Condórwere found on low vegetation at night in humid montane forest. This species breeds by direct development. It isthreatened in the south of its range by deforestation through increased agricultural activity (rearing of livestock andcultivation of crops), by selective wood extraction and by increasing colonization of the area. It is present in theZona Reservada Santiago-Comaina, and is also believed to occur in the Zona Reservada Cordillera de Colán. Furtherresearch into this species is required.Bibliography: Conservation International (1997), Duellman, W.E. and Pramuk, J.B. (1999)Data Providers: Lily Rodríguez, Jorge Luis Martinez, Wilfredo Arizabal, Daniel NeiraEleutherodactylus riveti (Despax, 1911)This species’ geographic range in southern Ecuador includes Andean cordilleras surrounding the Cuenca basin, from2,620-3,600m asl, and Parque Nacional Podocarpus. It is known from more than ten localities. It is an uncommon torare species in El Cajas and Podocarpus. It occurs on the ground and in low vegetation in cloud forest and páramovegetation, in well-preserved habitats. Reproduction is by direct development. This species is not seriously threatenedas it generally occurs in areas that are not heavily affected by habitat destruction and degradation. Its range overlapsParque Nacional Sangay, and it occurs in both Parque Nacional Podocarpus and Parque Nacional Cajas.Bibliography: Despax, R. (1911), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997)Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Mario Yánez-Muñoz, Diego AlmeidaEleutherodactylus roseus (Boulenger, 1918)This species occurs in the lowlands of western Colombia from 0-900m asl, in the departments of Valle del Cauca,Choco, Risaralda, and Antioquia, and it probably occurs a little more widely. Records from Ecuador are in error. It isan uncommon species. It appears to be restricted to primary and secondary forest, and is not found in open areas.It lives on fallen leaves on the ground and on very low herbaceous vegetation. It is presumed to breed by directdevelopment, but the site of egg deposition is not known. The major threats are likely to be deforestation for thecreation of plantations, cultivation of illegal crops, logging, and human settlement, and pollution resulting from thespraying of illegal crops. It occurs in Parque Nacional de Las Orquídeas.Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Kattan, G. (1984), Lynch, J.D. (1980c), Lynch, J.D. (1999), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E.(1997), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Paez, V.P. et al. (2002), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C.and Lynch, J.D. (1996)Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Taran Grant, Wilmar BolívarEleutherodactylus sanctaemartae Ruthven, 1917This species is known from the western flank of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in the departments of Cesar,Guajira and Magdalena, Colombia, from 1,100-2,600m asl. It is very common. This arboreal species is found on densevegetation and branches, and is active up to 1.5m above the ground. It is more common in the interior of forests thannext to streams. Breeding is by direct development. Cultivation and fumigation of crops, and the rearing of livestock,are major threats to this species’ habitat. Other high-altitude, stream-breeding Eleutherodactylus species haveundergone declines possibly due to chytridiomycosis, so this might be a potential future threat. Its range includesParque Nacional Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, a natural reserve area. Given the possible threat of chytridiomycosisthis species should be monitored carefully.Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Cochran, D.M. and Goin, C.J. (1970), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D. andRuiz-Carranza, P.M. (1985a), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996), Ruthven, A.G. (1917b)Data Providers: Martha Patricia Ramírez Pinilla, Mariela Osorno-Muñoz, Jose Vicente Rueda, Adolfo Amézquita, María CristinaArdila-RobayoEleutherodactylus sanguineus Lynch, 1998This species is known from Antioquia, Choco, Risaralda and Valle del Cauca Departments on the western flank of theCordillera Occidental, Colombia, from 50-1,500m asl. It probably occurs more widely, in particular between knownsites. This is a locally abundant species. It is restricted to closed-canopy forest alongside streams in primary forest.Breeding is by direct development. It is probably affected by ongoing forest loss in some parts of its range, especiallyfor agriculture and logging, as well as by fumigation of illegal crops. However, much of its habitat is relativelyremote from human influence, though this is likely to change in the near future. Other high-altitude, stream-breedingEleutherodactylus species have undergone declines possibly due to chytridiomycosis, so this might be a potentialfuture threat. Some populations are within Parque Nacional de Las Orquídeas and Parque Nacional Natural Tatamá.Given the possible threat of chytridiomycosis this species should be monitored carefully.Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. (1998b), Lynch, J.D. (1999), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo,M.C. (1997), Paez, V.P. et al. (2002)Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John LynchEleutherodactylus savagei Pyburn and Lynch, 1981This species is known from Serranía de Macarena and Piedemonte in the Cordillera Oriental in the departments ofMeta and Condinamarca, Colombia, from 1,000-2,400m asl. It is a common species. This nocturnal species is associatedwith fast-flowing streams, with individuals usually occurring on vegetation up to 50cm above the ground,sometimes in secondary habitats. Breeding is by direct development. This is an adaptable species, and probably isnot significantly threatened by habitat loss at present, although its habitat will become threatened by cultivationand fumigation of crops (which could cause pollution of streams), and the rearing of livestock. Other high-altitude,stream-breeding Eleutherodactylus species have undergone declines possibly due to chytridiomycosis, so this mightbe a potential future threat. Some populations of this species are within Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de LaMacarena. Given the possible threat of chytridiomycosis this species should be monitored carefully.Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. (1994b), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza,P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Pyburn, W.F. and Lynch, J.D. (1981), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D.(1996)Data Providers: Martha Patricia Ramírez Pinilla, Mariela Osorno-Muñoz, Jose Vicente Rueda, Adolfo Amézquita, María CristinaArdila-RobayoEleutherodactylus silverstonei Lynch and Ruíz-Carranza, 1996This species is known from the Pacific slope of the Cordillera Occidental, in the departments of Valle del Cauca andChoco, in Colombia, from 1,700-2,250m asl. It is uncommon. This is a nocturnal species found on medium to highlevel vegetation in primary cloud forest. Breeding is by direct development. There are currently no major threats tothe species’ habitat although there are plans to build a road across the Serrania de los Paraguas. This will becomea major threat if the plans go ahead, and would provide access for the expansion of agricultural activities and logging.Most of the range of this species is within the mountains of Los Paraguas, which forms a natural unit of thehigh Andean ecosystem. At present there is an ongoing effort to transform this area into a wildlife reserve. Otherpopulations are inside Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali. Conservation of the species’ habitat is essentialfor its long-term survival since it is restricted to primary forest.Taxonomy: The form is the sister species of Eleutherodactylus appendiculatus according to Lynch and Ruíz-Carranza (1996b).Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. (1998b), Lynch, J.D. (1999), Lynch, J.D. and Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. (1996b), Lynch,J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996), Ruiz-Carranza,P.M., Lynch, J.D. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997)Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John LynchEleutherodactylus simoterus Lynch, 1980This species is known from the departments of Caldas, Risaralda and Tolima on the Cordillera Central, in Colombia,from 2,700-4,350m asl. The species is very abundant in Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados and is also commonelsewhere. It occurs in páramo vegetation and is active at night, calling on the ground among grasses andlow bushes. During the day it occurs on graminaceous vegetation or under logs and rocks. It also occurs abovethe tree line and can be found in pastureland, but this is a marginal habitat for the species. Breeding is by directdevelopment. Habitat loss caused by smallholder livestock grazing and cultivation of crops (some of them illegal)is a threat to it outside protected areas. However, this species is adaptable and much of its range is at altitudesabove the level of signifi cant human impact, and so it is not greatly threatened. Most populations are insideParque Nacional Natural Los Nevados.Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Acosta-Galvis, A. (2000a), Lynch, J.D. (1980b), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman,W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1996), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C.(1997), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996)Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John LynchEleutherodactylus spinosus Lynch, 1979This species’ range is the Amazonian slopes of the Cordillera de Matanga and the Cordillera del Cóndor in southernEcuador, from 1,707-2,835m asl. It is rare in the Cordillera del Cóndor. This species can be found on low vegetationin well-preserved cloud forests. Breeding is by direct development. Its range is not significantly threatened sincepeople are averse to entering the area due to the land mines left during the Ecuador-Peru border war in 1995. It doesnot occur in any protected areas.Bibliography: Almendariz, A. (1997), Lynch, J.D. (1979c), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997)Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Fernando Nogales, Diego AlmeidaEleutherodactylus tamsitti Cochran and Goin, 1970This Colombian species is known from the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Oriental in the extreme west of thedepartment of Caquetá, as well as from the type locality in the headwaters of the Río Magdalena, in the departmentof Huila. It occurs at moderate altitudes between 1,350 and 2,040m asl. It is a common species. It is nocturnal,occurring on vegetation along streams and on damp soils. Breeding is by direct development. The major threats tothis species’ habitat are the cultivation and fumigation of crops, and the rearing of livestock. Other high-altitude,stream-breeding Eleutherodactylus species have undergone declines possibly due to chytridiomycosis, so this mightbe a potential future threat. Its range includes Parque Nacional Natural Cueva de los Guácharos. Given the possiblethreat of chytridiomycosis this species should be monitored carefully.Taxonomy: Lynch (1976b) elevated this taxon to species status with no further comment. Lynch, Ruíz-Carranza and Ardila-Robayo (1994)redescribed the species, and noted a possible synapomorphy with E. cremnobates.