Near Threatened Amphibian Species - Amphibian Specialist Group

620Threatened Amphibians of the WorldBibliography: Hedges, S.B. (1993), Hedges, S.B. (1999), Hedges, S.B. (2001), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R (1999), Henderson, R.W.and Powell, R. (2001), Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. (1991)Data Providers: Blair Hedges, Luis DíazEleutherodactylus epipedus Heyer, 1984This species is known only from near Santa Teresa, in the state of Espirito Santo, south-eastern Brazil, at around650m asl, although it might be more widespread. It is extremely abundant in its small range. It lives in the leaf-litteron the floor of primary and secondary forest, and breeds by direct development. The area where the species is foundis quite well protected (as it is a biological reserve), but habitat loss is taking place nearby (where the species mightoccur), due to agricultural development (including the creation of wood plantations), logging, human settlement andtourism. It occurs in the Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi.Bibliography: Haddad, C.F.B. and Abe, A.S. (1999), Heyer, W.R. (1984), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997)Data Providers: Débora Silvano, Oswaldo Luiz PeixotoEleutherodactylus flavescens Noble, 1923This species is restricted to eastern Dominican Republic from 0-909m asl. Coastal populations have probably beenextirpated from western La Romana. It is very common in suitable habitat, especially in the eastern part of its range.It is found in mesic forests and occasionally mangroves, but does not adapt well to degraded forests. It calls from avariety of elevated surfaces. Breeding is by direct development, and the eggs are laid on the ground or in bromeliads.This species is threatened by habitat loss due to development of infrastructure (such as hotels) for tourism, andagricultural encroachment by smallholder farmers and livestock grazing. It occurs in several protected areas.Bibliography: Hedges, S.B. (1993), Hedges, S.B. (1999), Hedges, S.B. (2001), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R (1999), Henderson, R.W.and Powell, R. (2001), Schwartz, A. (1982c), Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. (1991)Data Providers: Blair Hedges, Sixto Inchaustegui, Marcelino Hernandez, Robert PowellEleutherodactylus galdi (Jimenez de la Espada, 1870)In Ecuador, this species is known from 1,000-1,800m asl on the eastern slope of the Cordillera Oriental, from 1,700-1,975m asl in the Cordillera del Cutucú, and from 1,500-1,550m asl in the Cordillera del Condór. The only Peruvianrecord is at 1,700m asl on the western slope of the Cordillera de Colán, Bagua Province, Amazonas Department, from05° 36’S; 78° 19’W. It presumably occurs more widely, in particular in areas between the known Ecuadorian andPeruvian ranges. This is an uncommon species in Ecuador, where it was first recorded as recently as 2003. In Peru,only a single specimen has been recorded. This species can be found in evergreen secondary and old growth humidmontane forest with herbaceous plants, shrubs, and lianas. Specimens have been found on leaves of bushes or palmfronds 1-2m above the ground (Lynch and Duellman 1980). In Peru, the species was found along a stream in humidmontane forest. Reproduction occurs by direct development. A major threat to this species is habitat destructionthrough an increase in livestock farming, agro-industrial development, and selective wood extraction. The range ofthis species overlaps with the Zona Reservada Cordillera de Colán in Peru, and in Ecuador with Parque NacionalSumaco Napo-Galeras, Parque Nacional Sangay, and Parque Nacional Podocarpus.Bibliography: Almendariz, A. (1997), APECO (1999), Duellman, W.E. and Pramuk, J.B. (1999), Jiménez de la Espada, M. (1871), Lynch,J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1980), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Morales, M. (2003), Ortiz, J.C. and Ibarra-Vidal, H. (1992)Data Providers: Lily Rodríguez, Jorge Luis Martinez, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Diego Almeida, Manuel MoralesEleutherodactylus glaucoreius Schwartz and Fowler, 1973This species has a restricted range in eastern Jamaica, occurring from 0-1,650m asl. It is not uncommon. This terrestrialspecies, often found on rocks, requires rainforest but can occur in secondary forest. Eggs are laid on theground and it breeds by direct development. Habitat destruction is taking place, even within the protected area inwhich it occurs, and there are coffee plantations within the park’s limits. Hikers also disturb the species’ habitat,and there is a lot of litter left behind from tourists visiting the park. The protected area in which it occurs is the Blueand John Crow Mountains National Park.Bibliography: Hedges, S.B. (1993), Hedges, S.B. (1999), Hedges, S.B. (2001), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R (1999), Henderson, R.W.and Powell, R. (2001), Schwartz, A. and Fowler, D.C. (1973), Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. (1991)Data Providers: Blair Hedges, Susan Koenig, Byron WilsonEleutherodactylus hylaeformis (Cope, 1875)This species is found in the cordilleras of Costa Rica and western Panama, from 1,500-2,500m asl (Savage 2002). Itis an abundant species regularly seen in appropriate habitat, and has not declined at sites where many other specieshave disappeared, such as Monteverde (Pounds et al. 1997) and Las Tablas (Lips 1998). This is a nocturnal speciesfound in low vegetation in dense montane forest and rainforest. It may be found in both primary and secondary forestand is presumed to breed by direct development. Deforestation is a potential threat to this species, although all knownpopulations are within protected areas. This species is protected in several national parks and private reserves inCosta Rica, and is probably present in a number of Panamanian protected areas.Bibliography: Lips, K.R. (1998), Pounds, J.A. et al. (1997), Savage, J.M. (2002)Data Providers: Alan Pounds, Federico Bolaños, Gerardo Chaves, Frank Solís, Roberto Ibáñez, Jay Savage, César Jaramillo, QuerubeFuenmayorEleutherodactylus illotus Lynch and Duellman, 1997This species occurs on the Pacific slopes of the Andes from the department of Valle del Cauca in Colombia, south tothe province of Pichinca in Ecuador, from 1,380-2,560m asl. It is presumably more widespread than current recordssuggest. It is not particularly common, but it is not rare. This species inhabits cloud forest. It is not known if it cantolerate habitat degradation, but other members of its species group can tolerate limited disturbance. It is presumedto breed by direct development, but the site of egg deposition is not known. The major threats are thought to bedeforestation for the creation of plantations, cultivation of illegal crops, logging, and human settlement, and pollutionresulting from the spraying of illegal crops. In Ecuador, its geographic range overlaps with the Reserva EcológicaCotacachi-Cayapas, but it is not known from any protected areas in Colombia.Bibliography: Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997)Data Providers: John Lynch, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago RonEleutherodactylus juanchoi Lynch, 1996This species is known from both flanks of the Cordillera Occidental in the departments of Risaralda, Valle del Cauca,and Cauca, in Colombia, from 1,500-2,090m asl. It is often rare, but can also be locally common. This species inhabitscloud forests, and dense populations occur in some areas in forest and in open areas of scattered trees. It can occurin disturbed habitats as long as there are bromeliads on trees. Individuals are active up to 3m above the ground andare frequently found in bromeliads. Breeding is by direct development, and the eggs are deposited inside bromeliads.A localized threat to this species is habitat loss and degradation caused by smallholder farming and livestock grazing.There are three protected areas within this species’ range.Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. (1996b), Lynch, J.D. (1998b), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo,M.C. (1997), Rincon-Franco, F. and Castro, F. (1998), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M.,Lynch, J.D. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997)Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John LynchEleutherodactylus kareliae La Marca, 2005This species is known only from the Venezuelan Andes in the state of Mérida from the region of Mucubají, from2,500-3,395m asl. It appears to be reasonably common within its small range, given the number of specimens thathave been collected. It is a species of sub-páramo bushland and páramo grassland, and presumably breeds by directdevelopment. There are no significant threats to this species. It occurs in Parque Zoológico y Jardín Botánico NacionalSimón Bolívar and Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada. Monitoring of this species started in mid 2005, and there are plansto survey the known localities for at least a year or more (E. La Marca pers. comm.) .Bibliography: La Marca, E. (2005)Data Providers: Enrique La MarcaEleutherodactylus luteolateralis Lynch, 1976This species can be found from 1,140-1,960m asl in the Río Blanco drainage in Provincia Pichincha, in the northwesternAndes in Ecuador, and probably occurs more widely. During the course of survey work in 2002-2003 it wasfound to be common in Curipollo, Nonegal. This species can be found in montane cloud forest in humid tropical andhumid temperate regions, in bromeliads in the sub canopy, and also in pastures and secondary forest. Individualshave been found on low vegetation at night, or on herbaceous plants and ferns near streams (Lynch and Duellman1997). Reproduction occurs by direct development. There are no major threats to this species. Its range does notoverlap any protected areas.Bibliography: Lynch, J.D. (1976c), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997)Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Diego AlmeidaEleutherodactylus manezinho Garcia, 1996This species occurs in Sao Bento do Sul, Corupa, Blumenau, Florianopilis, and Garuva, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, at100-700m asl. It is likely to occur more widely. It is abundant and its population is stable. It occurs inside secondaryand old growth forest in humid areas, on the ground or on stones and low vegetation. The details of its breedingbiology are unknown. A major threat to this species is habitat loss due to deforestation. It occurs in Parque Municipaldo Maciço da Costeira.Bibliography: Garcia, P.C.A. (1996)Data Providers: Paulo Garcia, Débora SilvanoEleutherodactylus martinicensis (Tschudi, 1838)This species occurs on Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante, La Desirade, Iles des Saintes, Martinique, Dominica, Antigua,St Martin (introduced), and St Barthelemy (where it has also been introduced) in the Lesser Antilles. It has beenextirpated on St Lucia. It occurs from sea level up to at least 1,250m asl on Guadeloupe. It is a very common species,and is more common in undisturbed habitats. It occurs primarily in mesic forest areas, but has also been collectedin dry forest. It has also been found in disturbed habitats, such as banana plantations, sugar cane fields, gardens,and houses. It is active on the ground, calling from soft, wet surfaces, but retreats to arboreal bromeliads. The eggsare laid on the ground. Although not seriously threatened, this species is affected by introduced predators, such ascats, rats and mongooses, by forest loss, and possibly also by pesticides. Another species in the genus (Eleutherodactylusjohnstonei) is perhaps a competitor, and appears to be replacing this species in open areas. It occurs inseveral protected areas.Bibliography: Breuil, M. (2002), Breuil, M. (2004), Hedges, S.B. (1993), Hedges, S.B. (1999), Hedges, S.B. (2001), Henderson, R.W. andPowell, R (1999), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R. (2001), Kaiser, H. and Hardy, Jr, J.D. (1994), Kaiser, H. and Henderson, R.W. (1994),Kaiser, H., Green, D.M. and Schmid, M. (1994), Kraus, F. and Campbell, E. (2002), Schwartz, A. (1967), Schwartz, A. and Henderson,R.W. (1991)Data Providers: Blair Hedges, Beatrice Ibéné, Michel Breuil, Robert PowellEleutherodactylus megalops Ruthven, 1917This species is known from northern and western areas from Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in the locality of SanLorenzo, in the departments of Cesar, Guajira, and Magdalena in Colombia. It has been recorded from 1,300-2,450masl. It is very common. This is a terrestrial species known from cloud forest areas, which occurs on fallen leaves andunder rocks and logs. It breeds by direct development. Cultivation and fumigation of crops, and the rearing of livestock,are major threats to this species’ habitat Its range includes Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Cochran, D.M. and Goin, C.J. (1970), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D. andRuiz-Carranza, P.M. (1985a), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996), Ruthven, A.G. (1917b)Data Providers: Martha Patricia Ramírez Pinilla, Mariela Osorno-Muñoz, Jose Vicente Rueda, Adolfo Amézquita, María CristinaArdila-RobayoEleutherodactylus miyatai Lynch, 1984This species is known from the western slopes of the Cordillera Oriental in the departments of Boyaca, Cundinamarca,and Santander, Colombia, from 1,740-2,400m asl. It is an abundant species. It inhabits low level vegetation invery humid cloud forests, and is able to adapt to secondary forest as well as forest edges. Breeding is by directdevelopment. The major threat to this species is habitat destruction and degradation caused primarily by agriculturaldevelopment. Its range includes the Santuario de Fauna y Flora Guanentá Alto Río Fonce, and the EstaciónDemonstrativo El Rasgon.Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. (1984b), Lynch, J.D. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1999), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman,W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D.(1996)Data Providers: Martha Patricia Ramírez Pinilla, Mariela Osorno-Muñoz, Jose Vicente Rueda, Adolfo Amézquita, María CristinaArdila-RobayoEleutherodactylus molybrignus Lynch, 1986This species is known from the departments of Cauca, Valle, Risaralda, and Choco on the Cordillera Occidental,Colombia, from 1,110-2,350m asl. It is usually a common species. It occurs along streams on medium to low level