Near Threatened Amphibian Species - Amphibian Specialist Group

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618Threatened Amphibians of the WorldHyperolius chlorosteus (E. Boulenger, 1915)Leptopelis yaldeni Largen, 1977This species ranges from Sierra Leone, through Liberia and southern Guinea, to south-central Côte d’Ivoire. In suitablehabitats it is a common species. It is arboreal, and confined to primary rainforest where it is generally found bystreams. It breeds exclusively in flowing water, laying its eggs on leaves above water into which the larvae fall anddevelop. It is threatened by ongoing habitat loss for logging, agriculture and human settlements. It occurs in manyprotected areas, including Taï National Park in Côte d’Ivoire and Sapo National Park in Liberia.Bibliography: Rödel, M.-O. (2000b), Rödel, M.-O. (2003), Rödel, M.-O. and Branch, W.R. (2002), Rödel, M.-O. and Ernst, R. (2003),Schiøtz, A. (1964a), Schiøtz, A. (1967), Schiøtz, A. (1999)Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel, Arne SchiøtzHyperolius wermuthi Laurent, 1961This species is known only from southern Guinea, Liberia and western Côte d’Ivoire. It is so similar to Hyperolius fusciventristhat it might well be overlooked. It probably occurs up to over 1,000m asl on Mount Nimba. It is not a commonspecies. It is found only in primary forest, and breeds in swamps and small temporary ponds. Agricultural expansion,logging, and encroaching human settlements are threats affecting this species. It occurs in several protected areas,including the Mount Nimba World Heritage Site, Taï National Park, and Diécké Classified Forest. Further taxonomicwork is required to resolve the possibility that this species is a synonym of H. soror.Taxonomy: This species is probably a synonym of Hyperolius soror, which is known with certainty only from its type locality in southernGuinea (Schiøtz 1999).Bibliography: Laurent, R.F. (1961), Rödel, M.-O. (2000b), Schiøtz, A. (1967), Schiøtz, A. (1999)Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel, Arne SchiøtzHyperolius zonatus Laurent, 1958This species ranges from eastern Sierra Leone to south-central Côte d’Ivoire, through to extreme southern Guinea.It presumably occurs in Liberia, but there do not appear to be any confirmed records. It is not an uncommon species.It lives only in primary rainforest and is usually found close to small temporary ponds and swamps. Eggs are laid onvegetation above small, stagnant pools. Its forest habitat is being degraded by agricultural expansion, logging andexpanding human settlements. It occurs in Haute Dodo and Cavally Classified Forests, Mount Nimba World HeritageSite, and presumably in several other protected areas.Bibliography: Laurent, R.F. (1958b), Rödel, M.-O. (2000b), Rödel, M.-O. (2003), Schiøtz, A. (1967), Schiøtz, A. (1999)Data Providers: Arne Schiøtz, Mark-Oliver RödelKassina cochranae (Loveridge, 1941)This West African species is known from the forest zone of Sierra Leone, Liberia, southern Guinea, and extremewestern Côte d’Ivoire (where it occurs at least in the Mount Nimba area). Earlier records of this species from furtherto the east are now separated as Kassina arboricola and K. schioetzi. There is no information on its population status,but it is probably not rare. It is an arboreal, forest-dwelling species, which can exist in secondary forest. Therealso records from moist savannah and montane savannah areas as well as montane grassland. It seems to be ableto survive in habitat fragments and gallery forests, but is unlikely to tolerate complete opening up of its habitat. Itpresumably breeds in both temporary and permanent waterbodies, favouring large, well-vegetated pools, like othermembers of its genus. Certain populations are probably suffering as a result of severe deforestation taking place dueto agricultural expansion, logging and expanding human settlements. It occurs in the Mount Nimba World HeritageSite (Guinea and Liberia), and in the protected area at Pic de Fon (Guinea).Taxonomy: We follow Perret (1985) and Rödel et al. (2002) in considering Kassina arboricola to be separate from K. cochranae.Bibliography: Barbault, R. (1984), Lamotte, M. (1967), Perret, J.-L. (1985), Rödel, M.-O. (2000a), Rödel, M.-O. et al. (2002), Rödel, M.-O.and Bangoura, M.A. (2004), Rödel, M.-O. and Spieler, M. (2000), Schiøtz, A. (1967), Schiøtz, A. (1999)Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel, Arne SchiøtzThis species is endemic to Gojjam Province, northern Ethiopia, at altitudes of 2,000-2,700m asl. It is common toabundant at many sites within its limited range. It is confined to montane grassland. Breeding activity is particularlyassociated with the banks of small streams, in which larval development occurs. The eggs are laid in nests on landnear the water. The most likely threats are posed by human settlement and agricultural encroachment, but these seemto be minor in relation to the area of suitable habitat available. It is not known from any protected areas.Bibliography: Largen, M.J. (1977), Largen, M.J. (2001), Schiøtz, A. (1999)Data Providers: Malcolm Largen, Arne SchiøtzLeptopelis zebra Amiet, 2001This species is known only from southern Cameroon south of the Sanaga River, at 720m asl, and away from thecoastal plain, although it might occur in neighbouring countries. It appears to be uncommon and is thinly distributedwithin its range. This species lives in lowland rainforest, in flat-bottomed valleys with slow-flowing streams, or onthe ground with puddles and water holes in the rainy season. Breeding takes place in still water and marshes, andthe eggs are presumably laid in nests on land, near water. It is probably threatened by ongoing forest loss, due toagricultural development, logging and expanding human settlements. It is presumed to occur in some protectedareas, but this has not been confi rmed.Bibliography: Amiet, J.-L. (2001)Data Providers: Jean-Louis Amiet, Arne SchiøtzLEPTODACTYLIDAEAlsodes nodosus (Duméril and Bibron, 1841)This species is restricted to central Chile from 150-1,500m asl. Voucher specimens do not support records from Argentina.It is locally common. It can be found in temperate shrubland and seasonal and permanent streams, in whichit reproduces. It is not tolerant of habitat destruction. Urban sprawl is rapidly destroying available habitat for thisspecies, and some populations close to the main cities (such as Santiago) have disappeared. It has been included inthe Chilean national legislation as near threatened and it occurs in Parque Nacional Cerro La Campana.Bibliography: Formas, J.R. (1995), Glade, A. (1993), Servicio Agrícola Ganadero (1998), Veloso, A. and Navarro, J. (1988)Data Providers: Alberto Veloso, Herman NúñezAtelognathus jeinimenensis Meriggio, Veloso, Young and Núñez, 2004This species is known from the vicinity of one small pond in the Reserva Nacional Lago Jeinimeni, southern Chile.It appears to be fairly common within its extremely limited range. The small pond which forms the only area wherethis species is known from measures 68.8m by 80m, and around 50cm deep at the deepest point. Most other pondsin the area dry out in summer. In the vicinity are pine plantations and degraded Nothofagus pumilio forest. Thisspecies presumably breeds by larval development. A major threat to this species is a plan to construct a paved roadcrossing the reserve to improve an existing road that is currently impassable in winter. Unfortunately, the plannedroute passes close to the only known breeding pond, which will probably cause direct mortality and pollution, andwould also isolate it from the Jeinimeni River and lake. The known range of this species is encompassed by theReserva Nacional Lago Jeinimeni. Studies are urgently needed prior to the approval of the planned road to assessfurther the ecology and, in particular, the dispersal patterns of this species. At this time, unsupervised public accessto the breeding pond should be restricted, in order to remove any potential disturbance.Bibliography: Meriggio, V. et al. (2004)Data Providers: Alberto VelosoLeptopelis kivuensis Ahl, 1929Ceratophrys ornata (Bell, 1843)ORNATE HORNED FROGThis species occurs in the highlands of eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, western Rwanda, north-western Burundi,and south-western Uganda. Its altitudinal range is unclear, although it is probably generally above 1,500m asl. Thisis a common species. It lives in montane forests. There is no information on its adaptability to secondary habitats.It breeds in seasonally flooded swamp forests where the eggs are buried in nests in the ground and the larvae thenwashed into water after flooding. Little information is available on the threats it faces, although it is likely to beaffected by loss of habitat for agriculture, wood extraction and human settlements. It occurs in Virunga National Park(Democratic Republic of Congo), Kibale National Park (Uganda), and Bwindi National Park (Uganda).Bibliography: Drewes, R.C. and Vindum, J.V. (1994), Laurent, R.F. (1972), Laurent, R.F. (1973), Schiøtz, A. (1975), Schiøtz, A. (1999),Vonesh, J. (2001)Data Providers: Arne Schiøtz, Robert Drewes, James VoneshLeptopelis macrotis Schiøtz, 1967This species ranges from central Sierra Leone, through Liberia, southern Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire, to southern Ghana.It is not uncommon. This species is arboreal and lives along streams in primary rainforest. Its breeding biology isunknown, but it presumably breeds in the proximity of streams, with nests that are built on land near the water. Itsforest habitat is being degraded by agricultural expansion, logging and growing human settlements. It occurs in severalprotected areas, including Gola and Kambui Forest Reserves in Sierra Leone, Taï National Park in Côte d’Ivoire, HauteDodo and Cavally Classified Forests in Côte d’Ivoire, and Bobiri Forest Reserve in Ghana.Bibliography: Rödel, M.-O. (2000b), Rödel, M.-O. et al. (2005), Rödel, M.-O. and Branch, W.R. (2002), Schiøtz, A. (1967), Schiøtz, A. (1999)Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel, Arne SchiøtzLeptopelis occidentalis Schiøtz, 1967This species occurs in Liberia, southern Côte d’Ivoire and south-western Ghana. It possibly ranges as far east as Nigeriaand its western limits in Liberia are unknown. In suitable habitats it is very common. It is an arboreal species of primaryforest, only rarely occurring in secondary forest. It breeds in small streams and small temporary ponds. The eggs are laid inholes in the ground close to water, or in dry areas where temporary ponds will form at the start of the rains. It is affectedby habitat loss as a result of expanding human settlements and agricultural cultivation, and the collection of wood. InCôte d’Ivoire, it occurs in Tai and Mont Sangbe National Parks, and in Haute Dodo and Cavally Classified Forests.Taxonomy: The relationship between this species and Leptopelis boulengeri requires further investigation (Schiøtz 1967, 1999).Bibliography: Rödel, M.-O. (2000b), Rödel, M.-O. (2003), Rödel, M.-O. et al. (2005), Rödel, M.-O. and Branch, W.R. (2002), Schiøtz, A.(1967), Schiøtz, A. (1999)Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel, Arne SchiøtzThis species can be found in the Pampean region of Argentina (Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Entre Ríos, La Pampa, Mendozaand Santa Fe), Uruguay (Rocha and San José), and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 0-500m asl. It has apparentlydisappeared from at least two sites in Uruguay (Rocha, in Laguna de Castillos, and San Jose, in Delta del Tigre). Itis rare in Argentina. This frog occurs in grasslands on the ground near temporary waterbodies, and also occurs inroadside ditches and in irrigated cropland. The eggs are laid on the bottom of temporary ponds. Habitat loss (dueto agricultural development and housing development) is a major threat, as is water and soil pollution due to agriculture,industry, and human settlement. It is sometimes subject to persecution because of unfounded beliefs thatit is venomous. It is also collected for the international pet trade and its eggs are sold internationally for scientificresearch. It occurs in some protected areas.Bibliography: Braun, P.C. and Braun, C.A.S. (1980), Cei, J.M. (1980), Cochran, D.M. (1955), Di Tada, I.E. et al. (1996), Gambarotta, J.C.,Saralegui, A. and Gonzalez, E.M. (1999), Langone, J.A. (1994), Lavilla, E.O. et al. (2000), Lavilla, E.O. and Cei, J.M. (2001), Lynch, J.D.(1982a), Maneyro, R. and Langone, J.A. (2001), Salas, N.E. et al. (1998)Data Providers: Axel Kwet, Gabriel Skuk, Débora Silvano, Esteban Lavilla, Ismael di Tada, Rafael LajmanovichCraugastor berkenbuschii (Peters, 1870)This species occurs from the Atlantic foothills and slopes of south-eastern San Luis Potosi and northern Veracruz, tonorthern Oaxaca to the isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. It is known from 400-1,900m asl. This is a common species,although recent surveys in Oaxaca, Mexico, indicate that it has disappeared from some sites. It prefers rocky streamsin premontane and lower montane wet forests, and is a direct developing species. Intense and rapid disappearance ofcloud forests is a major threat. Recently documented declines in Oaxaca could be due to chytridiomycosis. Its rangedoes not include any protected areas and urgent protection of the cloud forest remnants in Mexico is required. Furtherwork should be conducted to determine whether or not the recently documented declines are due to chytridiomycosis.This species is protected by Mexican law under the “Special Protection” category (Pr).Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Eleutherodactylus (Crawford and Smith 2005).Bibliography: Campbell, J.A. and Savage, J.M. (2000), Crawford, A.J. and Smith, E.N. (2005), Lips, K.R. et al. (2004)Data Providers: Georgina Santos-Barrera, Oscar Flores-VillelaCraugastor chac (Savage, 1987)This species occurs on the Atlantic versant from central Belize and central Guatemala to the La Ceiba city area on thenorthern coast of Honduras, from 20-1,000m asl. It is common in Guatemala, but relatively uncommon elsewhere. Itlives on the forest floor in lowland moist forest and premontane wet forest, and also in cocoa plantations and degradedforest. It breeds by direct development. The major threat to it is habitat loss due to agricultural development for thecultivation of crops and livestock grazing, logging, development of infrastructure for human settlement, and fire. It isfound in several protected areas in all three countries in which it occurs.
Near Threatened Amphibian Species 619Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Eleutherodactylus (Crawford and Smith 2005).Bibliography: Campbell, J.A. (1998), Campbell, J.A. (2001), Crawford, A.J. and Smith, E.N. (2005), Lee, J.C. (1996), Lee, J.C. (2000),McCranie, J.R. and Köhler, G. (1999a), McCranie, J.R. and Wilson, L.D. (2002b), Savage, J.M. (1987), Savage, J.M. (1987)Data Providers: Paul Walker, Manuel Acevedo, Gustavo Cruz, Larry David Wilson, Randy McCranie, Gunther KöhlerCraugastor laticeps (Duméril, 1853)This species can be found on the Atlantic slopes of Mexico, from southern Veracruz to Tabasco and Chiapas, andsouthwards to western Belize, Guatemala, and northern Honduras, from 10-1,500m asl. It is uncommon in Belize andGuatemala, and rare in Mexico. There are few localities known for Honduras. Recent surveys in Oaxaca, Mexico,indicate that it has disappeared from some localities. It occurs in leaf-litter in lowland and premontane tropicalforest and is tolerant of moderate habitat alteration (it occurs in cacao and shade-coffee plantations in Honduras).Reproduction is by direct development. Forest destruction and the conversion of forest to shaded crops are lowthreats, although subsistence agriculture is a threat in Honduras. The recent declines in Oaxaca could be due tochytridiomycosis. It occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Further work should be conducted todetermine whether or not the recent declines are due to chytridiomycosis. It is protected by Mexican Law under the“Special Protection” category (Pr).Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Eleutherodactylus (Crawford and Smith 2005).Bibliography: Campbell, J.A. (1998), Crawford, A.J. and Smith, E.N. (2005), Lee, J.C. (1996), Lips, K.R. et al. (2004), McCranie, J.R. andWilson, L.D. (2002b), Savage, J.M. (1987)Data Providers: Georgina Santos-Barrera, Manuel Acevedo, Paul Walker, Julian Lee, Gustavo Cruz, Larry David WilsonCraugastor rostralis (Werner,1896)This species is known from extreme eastern Guatemala near the Honduran border, and from the following localitiesin western and north-central Honduras: Cerro Quebrada Grande, Montana Pico Pijol, Montana La Fortuna, MontanaPortillo Grande, Parque Nacional Cusuco, and Montana Merendon west of San Pedro Sula. Its altitudinal range is1,050-1,800m asl. This is a moderately common species. It lives on the forest floor in premontane and lower montanewet forest, and also occurs in degraded forest and coffee plantations (but not in more open habitats). It presumablybreeds by direct development. The major threat to this species is severe habitat loss due to agricultural development,livestock grazing, logging, human settlement, and fire. It occurs in Parque Nacional Cusuco and Parque NacionalTexiguat in Honduras, but not in any protected areas in Guatemala.Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Eleutherodactylus (Crawford and Smith 2005).Bibliography: Campbell, J.A. (2001), Crawford, A.J. and Smith, E.N. (2005), Dunn, E.R. and Emlen, J.T. (1932), McCranie, J.R. andWilson, L.D. (2002b), Savage, J.M. (1987), Stuart, L.C. (1963)Data Providers: Gustavo Cruz, Larry David Wilson, Randy McCranie, Manuel AcevedoCraugastor yucatanensis (Lynch, 1965)This species is endemic to the Yucatan Peninsula, in east-central Yucatan and north-central Quintana Roo, Mexico.The type locality is 10m asl. It is rarely encountered but is occasionally locally common. Its habitat is lowland tropicalsemi-deciduous and deciduous forest. It is both terrestrial and arboreal and is sometimes found in caverns and cenotes.Breeding is by direct development. The major threats to this species is habitat loss and disturbance due to touristactivities, in particular along the Quintana Roo Mayan area. A portion of this species’ range is within the Reserva dela Biósfera Sian Ka’an, which affords it some protection. Protection of the original forest in the Yucatan Peninsula isalso recommended. This species is protected by Mexican Law under the “Special Protection” category (Pr).Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Eleutherodactylus (Crawford and Smith 2005).Bibliography: Campbell, J.A., Lamar, W.W. and Hillis, D.M. (1989), Crawford, A.J. and Smith, E.N. (2005), Lee, J.C. (1996), Lee, J.C. (2000)Data Providers: Julian Lee, Rogelio Cedeño VázquezCrossodactylodes bokermanni Peixoto, 1983 “1982”This species is known only from two localities in south-eastern Brazil at around 650m asl in the state of EspíritoSanto: Santa Teresa and Castelo. It presumably occurs between these two localities, and probably more widely. It isa common species. It is confined to forest, where it is arboreal, living in epiphytic bromeliads. Breeding is by larvaldevelopment in bromeliads. The major threat is habitat loss, especially due to the collection of bromeliads, andalso due to agricultural development, wood plantations, livestock grazing, logging, human settlement and tourism,though some of its habitat is quite well protected. It occurs in the Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi and ParqueEstadual do Forno Grande.Bibliography: Gomes, N. (1988), Peixoto, O.L. (1982)Data Providers: Débora Silvano, Oswaldo Luiz PeixotoCrossodactylodes izecksohni Peixoto, 1983 “1982”This species is known only from the vicinity of Santa Teresa, in the state of Espírito Santo, south-eastern Brazil, at675m asl, although it might occur more widely. It is a common species. Its habitat is terrestrial and epiphytic bromeliadsnear the ground inside forests and on the forest edge, but not in more degraded habitats. Breeding is by larvaldevelopment in bromeliads. The area where it is found is quite well protected (as a biological reserve), but habitatloss is taking place nearby, due to agricultural development, wood plantations, bromeliad-collecting, logging, humansettlement and tourism. It occurs in the Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi.Bibliography: Gomes, N. (1988), Peixoto, O.L. (1982)Data Providers: Débora Silvano, Oswaldo Luiz PeixotoCrossodactylus schmidti Gallardo, 1961This species can be found from 300-750m asl in Misiones, Argentina; Tres Baras de Paraná, Paraná, Brazil (here, itsrange is severely fragmented); and Itapua Department, Paraguay. It is common in its limited range. It occurs nearpermanent streams (in which it breeds) in rainforest, and probably does not tolerate habitat disturbance. Threats tothis species include selective logging, clear-cutting of primary forests, pollution of soil and water due to agriculturalpractices, and industrial pollution by organic wastes. The introduction and spread of Rana catesbeiana is also a threatto this species. It occurs in Parque Estadual Rio Guarani, Brazil, and in Argentina in the Reserva de la Biósfera Yabotí,Parque Nacional Iguazú, and several provincial reserves.Bibliography: Cei, J.M. (1980), Faivovich, J. (1998), Gallardo, J.M. (1961a), Lavilla, E.O. et al. (2000), Lavilla, E.O. and Cei, J.M. (2001)Data Providers: Magno Vicente Segalla, Paulo Garcia, Débora Silvano, Esteban Lavilla, Diego BaldoCycloramphus brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1864)This species is known from the Serra dos Órgãos and Serra da Mantiqueira, in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, from800-1,200m asl. This is not a common species. It occurs on rock wall seeps and in forest streams in primary andgood quality secondary forest. Larvae have been observed on rocks that are covered with a fi lm of running water,either on exposed rocks in or next to streams. Habitat loss due to infrastructure development for human settlementis a major threat, and this is taking place in some protected areas, even though this is illegal. The range of thespecies includes several protected areas, but there remains a need for improved conservation and maintenanceof existing habitat.Bibliography: Bokermann, W.C.A. (1951), Heyer, W.R. (1983)Data Providers: Sergio Potsch de Carvalho-e-Silva, Ronald HeyerCycloramphus semipalmatus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920)This species is known from Serra do Mar in the state of São Paulo, in Brazil, from about 800m asl. This is a reasonablycommon species; however, there has been an unexplained decline over its whole range recently. It was once commonin Boracéia, but has been considered locally extinct there since 1988. This species is found under, or on top of, rocksin or next to small forest streams in primary and secondary forest. It presumably has larvae that are found on rocksthat are covered with a film of running water, either on exposed rocks in or next to streams, like other members ofthe genus. There is a steel works on the coast that pollutes the water, which might be affecting local populations.The reason for the observed decline is currently unknown, but chytridiomycosis cannot be ruled out. The range of thespecies includes a few protected areas. Further research into the cause of the recent declines is needed.Taxonomy: This species was removed from the synonymy of Cycloramphus asper by Heyer (1983).Bibliography: Bertoluci, J.A. and Heyer, W.R. (1995), Eterovick, P.C. et al. (2005), Heyer, W.R. (1983), Heyer, W.R. et al. (1988), Heyer,W.R. et al. (1990)Data Providers: Vanessa Verdade, Ronald HeyerEleutherodactylus alalocophus Roa-Trujillo and Ruíz-Carranza, 1991This species is known from the western flank of the central Andes in the departments of Quindío, Valle del Cauca,Caldas and Risaralda, Colombia, from 2,650-3,100m asl. It is a very common species in its small range. It occurson herbaceous vegetation or on humid rocks, about 20cm above the ground. It is possible to find individuals undersmall waterfalls or in small brooks covered by undergrowth, or under alder crops (Alnus acuminata) in the forest andforest edges. It has not been found outside forest habitat. Breeding is by direct development. There are no knownmajor threats to this species, since its habitat is relatively secure. Its range does not include any protected areas.It should be noted that some other species of Eleutherodactylus that are associated with streams have undergonedramatic declines and disappearances, possibly due to chytridiomycosis, so the status of this species should bemonitored carefully.Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Acosta-Galvis, A. (2000a), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997),Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Roa-Trujillo, S.H. and Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. (1991), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M.,Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996)Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John LynchEleutherodactylus anolirex Lynch, 1983This species occurs in the northern Cordillera Oriental in the departments of Norte de Santander and Santander,Colombia, and nearby at Macizo de Tamá in Venezuela. Its altitudinal range is 1,900-3,550m asl. It is common inColombia, but there is little information on its population status in Venezuela. It is a cloud forest species, also livingin páramo grassland and sub-páramo bushland areas. Its ability to adapt to modified habitats is unknown. It is usuallyfound at night on low vegetation; during the day it hides under rocks, logs or among vegetation. It is presumed to bea direct developing species. The major threats are deforestation for agricultural development (including cultivationof illegal crops), logging, and human settlement, and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops. Fire mightalso be a threat. However, it has a broad altitudinal range, and overall its habitats are probably not seriously threatened.The Venezuelan populations are within Parque Nacional El Tamá and the Estación Demonstrativo El Rasgon.Its occurrence in protected areas in Colombia is unclear.Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Acosta-Galvis, A. (2000a), Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Frost, D.R.(1985), La Marca, E. (1997), Lynch, J.D. (1983), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo,M.C. (1997), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996)Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Enrique La Marca, María Cristina Ardila-RobayoEleutherodactylus celator Lynch, 1976This species can be found in cloud forests from 1,750-2,800m asl, on the Pacific versant of the western Andes innorthern Ecuador and adjacent southern Colombia (Nariño Department). It is fairly common, or at least was so whenlast searched for in the mid-1980s. It is a nocturnal species that has been found in terrestrial bromeliads, and may beencountered on the sides of roads and in herbaceous vegetation, in leafy cloud forests. It is presumed to be a directdeveloping species although the site of egg deposition is not known. It is tolerant of habitat disturbance providedbromeliads are available. This species is threatened by deforestation occurring for a range of reasons, including loggingand agricultural development for the cultivation of crops (some of them illegal) and livestock grazing. In Ecuador, itsgeographic range overlaps with the Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas, and the Reserva Geobotánica Pululahua.It also occurs in the Reserva La Planada private reserve, Colombia.Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. (1976a), Lynch, J.D. (1998b), Lynch, J.D. and Burrowes, P.A. (1990), Lynch, J.D.and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C.and Lynch, J.D. (1996)Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, Santiago Ron, Luis A. Coloma, John LynchEleutherodactylus dimidiatus (Cope, 1862)This species is widespread in Cuba from 0-1,375m asl. It is moderately common in suitable habitat. This is a terrestrialspecies that requires closed mesic forest. It breeds by direct development and lays its eggs in damp leaf-litter. Themain threat to this species is habitat destruction as a result of deforestation due to agricultural development for cropcultivation and subsistence farming, charcoal manufacture, and infrastructure development for human settlement andtourism. Agricultural pollution is also a threat. This species occurs in many protected areas.Bibliography: Centro Nacional de Areas Protegidas (CNAP) (2002), Hedges, S.B. (1993), Hedges, S.B. (1999), Hedges, S.B. (2001),Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R (1999), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R. (2001), Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. (1991)Data Providers: Blair Hedges, Luis DíazEleutherodactylus eileenae Dunn, 1926This species is widespread in western and central Cuba from 0-830m asl. It is a common species. It is found inclosed-canopy mesic forests, and is normally terrestrial but calls from arboreal sites. It has not been recorded outsideforest habitat. Eggs are laid on the ground, and it breeds by direct development. The major threats to this species areagricultural development and pollution, and infrastructure development for human settlement and tourism. It occursin several protected areas, although more effective protection is required for this species.
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APPENDICESAPPENDIX I. THE IUCN RED
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Appendices 695Genus Total EX EW CR
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Appendices 697Order Family Genus Sp
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Appendices 699Order Family Genus Sp
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Appendices 701Country Number of spe
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Appendices 703corrections to the da
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Appendices 705Species scientific na
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Appendices 725Scientific Name Water
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Appendices 727Order Family Scientif
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Appendices 729APPENDIX XI. LIST OF
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Appendices 731Dendropsophus sartori
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Appendices 733Leptopelis oryi - Con
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Appendices 735Oreolalax popei - Chi
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Appendices 737Ptychadena mahnerti -
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Appendices 739Boulengerula ulugurue
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Appendices 741Alsodes igneus - Chil
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Appendices 743Hymenochirus feae - G
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Appendices 745SpeciesBrazil GAA wor
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INDEX OF EXTINCT, THREATENED AND NE
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Index of Extinct, Threatened and Ne
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Near Threatened Amphibian Species - Amphibian Specialist Group

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