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<strong>AGRONOMIJAS</strong> VĒSTIS (Latvian Journal of Agronomy), No.10, LLU, 2008should be replaced by micro-turbines combusting biogas and bio-oil. Fast pyrolysis of grass massrequires a dry fuel. For the drying of grass, waste heat from combustion gas from micro-turbinescan be ideally used (Šurovský 2003).Energetic plants or grass mass, as well as other crops, e.g. meadow clover, can be processedin the so-called green bio-refinery. Using squeezing or other technologies, we gain so-called“vegetal juice” containing sugars. These sugars can be fermented and it is thus possible to producebioethanol for energetic purposes (an additive to engine or two-shaft combustion turbine fuels) orlactic acid (Andersen and Kiel, 2000) for the production of biodegradabile packings. From vegetaljuices it is possible to isolate chlorophyll (Kolář et al., 2007 a), enzymes, proteins, amino acids orother biologically active substances (Starke et al., 2000 ). From plant fibres, isolation materials canbe manufactured or plant wastes can be palletized and burned (Kolář et al., 2007 b) or processed tobiogas. As an example there can act the functioning “Grass refinery” supplying energy for the townof Schaffhausen (Janzig, 2001). Grass from 600 hectares (4 400 t converted dry matter per year)will be energetically upgraded to cca 3 millions kWh of electric current, one million kWh of gasand 4 million kWh of heat. The company “2B Biorefineries” from Dübendorf in Switzerlanddelivered the equipment for immediate use. This company operates from 1998 the main prototypein Märvil in Thurgau. The fermentation of grass proceeds without solid organic substances. At first,plant fibers are being isolated in a process without chemicals. They are later used as heat insulation,a filling agent for fibrous materials with fire- and insulating properties as wool from glass- ormineral fibers. At the same time, proteins are separated and are sold as a fodder for animals.Vegetal juice, containing predominantly sugars, remains for energetic use. These sugars arefermented at 35 ºC to biogas. From 1 t grass mass it is possible to gain 380 kg fibers, 190 kgproteins, 615 kWh electric current, 900 kWh heat and 269 kWh of energy in the form of biogas forintroduction into the gas-distribution system. 6.7 million Switzerland francs have been invested inbuilding and beginning the operation. The plant shall already in the second year of operation bringeconomical profit (Janzig, 2001).Building units of modern anaerobic digestion and fast pyrolysis of grass mass in the LFAregion should, besides enhancing the development of bioenergetics and chemical industry, create abasis for a more distant perspective of our energetics – the generation of electricity in fuel cells(Šurovský, 2003). As a basic fuel there is hydrogen, which can be gained by the transformation ofnatural gas, biogas and gases from gasification and the fast pyrolysis of the grass mass.A fuel cell changes directly the chemical energy of a fuel to an electric one, withoutreciprocating or rotation motions, without limitation of efficiency by Carnot’s cycle. It is spokenabout so-called “hydrogen energetics”. Fuel cells have practically no emissions and e.g. a pressurefuel cell with a micro-turbine enables the increase of electric efficiency even to 70 %. Fuel cells areceramic (SOFT), carbonate (MCFC), of phosphoric type (PAFC), with a plastic polymer membrane(PEM). Fuel cells are already being developed and tested by the companys SIEMENS, UTC FuelCells (a new, so-called “alkaline” type, is also mounted in American space shuttles), Ballard(Canada), Plug Power (USA), SULZER HEXIS (Switzerland), ONSI (USA), application andresearch works proceed also in the CR (Šurovský, 2003).At present, the price of fuel cells is excessive in the CR, but abroad they practically work insewage treatment plants (Renton, USA, Köln am Rhein, Germany), in electric power plantChugach Electric (Alaska, USA), in hospitals (Bad Neustadt, Germany) etc.ConclusionsThe goal-directed cropping of energetic plants and the use of waste grass mass frommeadows and pastures will provide raw material for the energetic and chemical industries. It willenable the fulfilling of obligations of the CR in relation to use renewable energy resources. It willsupport the development of the processing chemical industry. It will create work opportunities forthe inhabitants and the development of rural regions in the LFA.AcknowledgementThe work was realized with the financial support of grant project of Ministry of Education,Youth and Sports, identification code: MSM 6007665806.18
<strong>AGRONOMIJAS</strong> VĒSTIS (Latvian Journal of Agronomy), No.10, LLU, 2008References1. Andersen, M., Kiel P. (2000) Integrated utilisation of green biomass in the green biorefinery. IndustrialCrops and Products, 11, 129-137.2. Bridgwater, A.V. (2002) Fast pyrolysis of biomass: A Handbook. Volume 2. CPL Press Newbury, AstonUniversity, UK.- 424.3. Claudet, G. (2001) Thermochemical biomass conversion for clean hydrogen production. ActualiteChimique 12, 29-33.4. Dermirbas, A. (2002) Hydrogen production from biomass by the gasification process. Energy Sources,24, 59-68.5. Graf, W. (2001) Kraftwerk Wiese - Strom und Wärme aus grass, Walter Graf, D.-156.6. Janzig, B. (2001) Grass liefert Energie főr die Stadt Schafhausen. Die solar-Region 1/2, 8-9.7. Kolář, L. (1997) Possibilities of energetic using of plant biomass by anaerobic dicestion to obtain gasfuel and organic fertilizers. In: VUSTE-APIS (eds) Energetical using of biomass. The 5 th conference Prague,CZ, 47-50.8. Kolář, L., Gergel, J., Ledvina, R. and Kužel, S. (2001) Agrochemistry specialities of soil submountainsand mountains region of Šumava, Farmář, CZ, 7, 30-31.9. Kolář, L. and Kužel, S. (2002) Basic project of small biogas energetical source on using waste grassbiomass for rare populated Šumava region on Czech-Austrian border. In: Kolář (eds) Non accepted projectPHARE. University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Agricultural faculty, CZ, 34.10. Kolář, L., Klimeš, F., Gergel, J., Kužel, S., Kobes, M., Ledvina, R. and Šindelářová, M. (2005) Methodsto evaluate Substrate Density in anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production. Plant Soil Environ., 51, (1),173-178.11. Kolář, L., Kužel, S., Pokorný, P. and Píša, J. (2007a) Apparatus for processing of grass biomass,especially multi-anual fodder crops on sugar sources for production of bioethanol and /or feedstuffs. UtilityPatent 17229.12. Kolář, L., Kužel, S., Pokorný, P. and Píša, J. (2007b) Pelet or fuel-cake of biofuel, and composition forits production. Utility Patent 17228.13. Kudrna, K. (1986) General projection of agricultural systems, SZN,VŠZ Prague, CZ.-173.14. Kudrna, K. and Šindelářová, M. (2001) To problem of energetics of mountains agricultural systems.15. Collection of Scientific Papers, Faculty of Agriculture in České Budějovice, CZ, 18, 2, 113-126.16. Kužel, S., Kolář, L., Ledvina, R. and Klufová, R. (2001a) Organomineral fertilizers from waste ofanaerobic digestion grass biomass. In: APIS Praha (eds) Material and energetic using of waste. Prague,CZ,70-78.17. Kužel, S., Kolář, L., Ledvina, R. and Klufová, R. (2001b) Using of grass biomass for production ofbiogas. In: CZ-BIOM (eds) Possibilities of production and exploatation of biogas in agriculture. ConferenceCZ-BIOM, Třeboň, CZ, 37-42.18. Kužel, S. and Kolář, L. (2003) Anaerobic digestion of grass mass. In: FITE a.s. (eds) Waste managementof central European countries preparing for accession to the EU. The 3 rd International conference Wastemanagement. Studio CMYK Ostrava s.r.o., CZ, 80-83.19. Ministry of Agriculture of the CR (1998). In: Intimation of Ministry of Agriculture of the CR 327/1998coll. of law to act 248/1991 coll. of law. About alteration of land (§8, par. 8). CZ.20. Ministry of Agriculture of the CR. (1999). In: Project EP 9397 National agency of agriculturalresearch, Prague 1999. CZ.21. Manabe, S., Wada, O., Morita, M., Izumikawa, S. Asakuno, K. and Suzuki, H. (1992) Occurence ofcarcinogenic amino-alfa-carbolines in some environmental sample. Environmental Pollution 75, 301-30522. Schulz, H. (1996) Biogas–Praxis. İkobuch Verlag, Staufen bei Freiburg, 1996, D.-187.23. Sladký, V. (1996) Combustion of biomass for energetic purposes. In: Biomass for energy, Prague, CZ,15-17.24. Starke, I. Holzberger, A., Kamm, B. and Kleinpeler, E. (2000) Qualitative and quantitative analysis ofcarbohydrates in green juices. Fresenius Journal of Analitical Chemistry, 367, 65-72.25. Straka, F. (2003) Biogas, GAS s.r.o., Říčany, CZ.-517.26. Šurovský, J. (2003) Microturbins – energetical revolution for 21st centrury. Instalace, Prague, CZ.-220.27. Ustˇak, S. (2001) Industrial and energetic plants and basic way of their using. In: Usťak S. (eds)Energetic and industrial plants. The 7th conference VÚRV Praha, Chomutov – Prague, CZ, 40-58.28. Váňa, J. and Šlejška, A. (1998) Biogas from plant biomass. Study information, Plant production, ÚZPI,Prague, 5, CZ.- 40.29. Žilka, M. (1979) Method of treatment of catle dung from Olomouc. Proceedings. In: Using of energeticresources for department of agriculture and nutrition. CAU Prague,CZ, 257-259.19
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