AGRONOMIJAS VÄSTIS - Latvijas LauksaimniecÄ«bas universitÄte

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<strong>AGRONOMIJAS</strong> VĒSTIS (Latvian Journal of Agronomy), No.10, LLU, 2008The average content of hard seed was 26% (16-41%), seed moisture 8.5-9.6%. A sharpsignificant decline (up to 49-64%) in the germination of the seed stored in the unheated storageoccurred in the third year of storage, whereas in the heated storage the seed germination variedinsignificantly and totalled 84-91%. In the fifth storage year in the unheated storage bettergermination was exhibited by the seed harvested when matured pods accounted for 90%. Thegermination of seed stored in the heated room differed inappreciably and met the standard. In thesixth year of storage (2005) seed germination declined to 70-84 %. The greatest reduction occurredwhen the seed had been swath - harvested immature at the first harvesting dates. This leads to theconclusion that when immature seed is harvested it loses germination more rapidly during storagecompared with the seed harvested at complete maturity. The seed germination sharply declined to54 % (38-76 %) in the seventh year of storage (2006). The germination of seed stored in anunheated storage was extremely low 11-21 %. In order to preserve seed germination (viability) fora longer period, it should be stored in heated storage.ConclusionsThe best seed harvesting time of fodder galega is when 90% of pods have ripened. Due tothe strong attachment of pods to stems it is not expedient to hasten harvesting. Harvesting time andmethod can be chosen subject to the weather conditions. In rainy weather it is better to use directharvesting with a prior defoliation. After three years in an unheated storage seed germinationdramatically declines and does not meet the standard. In an unheated storage in paper bags the seedcan be securely stored for only two years and in a heated storage – for five -six years.References1. Adamovich, A. (2000) Productive longevity of eastern galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) / grass sward. In:Soeggard, K. et al . (eds) Grassland farming. Grassland Science in Europe, Vol. 5, 100-103.2. Drikis, J.(1995) Eastern galega and alfa alfa grown in pure stands and in mixtures, their yielding capacityand yield quality. Jelgava, 84.3. Lillak, R. and Laidna, T. (1999) Productivity of long - term forage legumes depending on growingconditions. In: Bartkait÷, O. et al. (eds). Horticulture and vegetable growing. Babtai, Vol. 19(3)-2, pp.62-72.4. Moller E., Hostrup S.B., Boelt B. (1997) Yield and quality of fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) atdifferent harvest managements compared with lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) // Acta AgriculturalScandinavica. Soil and Plant Science.- 1997, 47, 89-97.5. Raig, H. (1994) Advances in the research of the new fodder crop Galega orientalis Lam. In: Nommsalu,H.(ed.) Fodder Galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) research in Estonia. The Estonian Research Institute ofAgriculture, Saku, 5-24.6. Raig, H. and Nommsalu, H.Biological characterisation of fodder galega. In:Nommsalu H. (ed.) Foddergalega. Saku. 2001,15-22.7. Spruogis,V. (1999) Technology of growing fodder galega for forage and seed. Kaunas,- 70 . (InLithuanian)8. Vavilov, P.P. and Kondratev, A.A. (1975) New fodder crops. Moscow, 227-247 (In Russian).9. Virkajarvi, P. and Varis, E. (1991) The effect of cutting times on goat's rue. (Galega orientalis Lam.)leys. Journal of Agricultural Science in Finland, 63, 391-402.174
<strong>AGRONOMIJAS</strong> VĒSTIS (Latvian Journal of Agronomy), No.10, LLU, 2008INTEGRATED EFFECTS OF ACID SUBSTRATUM AND HEAVY METALS (COPPERAND CADMIUM) ON RED CLOVERSlepetys J. 1 , Siksnianiene J. 2 , Brazaityte A. 2 , Kadziuliene Z. 1 and Duchovskis P. 21 Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture, LT-58344 Akademija, Kedainiai distr., Lithuania2 Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas distr., Lithuania,e-mail:jonas.slepetys@lzi.ltAbstractThe aim of the present work was to study the integrated effects of substratum acidity andheavy metals (copper and cadmium) on the adaptation of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) cultivarLiepsna at different ambient temperatures in the phytotron of the Lithuanian Institute ofHorticulture. Changes in photosynthetic pigment system, plant height and shoot mass wereindicators of plant adaptation to unfavourable environmental factors. We identified the number ofclover inflorescences, concentration of nitrogen and sulphur in stems, leaves and inflorescences.At temperatures above (27-20°C) clover produced a lower shoot mass and was more sensitive tothe effect of pollutants and adapted less to this effect than clover growing at optimal temperatures(21-17°C). Higher temperature enhanced sulphur accumulation in clover stems and inflorescences.Copper increased shoot mass of clover and acted as a fertilizer at optimal temperature. Copperdecreased clover mass at higher temperature. It was established that in many cases after primaryeffect of pollutants plant photosynthetic pigment system adjusted to any additional effects of otherpollutants.Key wordsTrifolium pratense, heavy metals, substratum acidity, carotenoids, chlorophylls.IntroductionThe ability of plants to adjust to the changing climate and environmental conditions iscurrently becoming one of the most relevant scientific issues and has an undoubted practicalsignificance. Environmental pollution with heavy metals or acid rain has become an importantfactor that determines plant growth, development and productivity (Hoffmann, Persons, 1997).Such stress causes changes in physiological processes, and the consequences of the effect aredetermined by plant species, the outcome of the exposition is determined by plant species, variety,exposition time or strength (Larcher, 1995; Das et al., 1997; Alexieva et al., 2003). Most heavymetals are necessary for plants, however, their excess inhibits growth and development, suppressesphotosynthesis, synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, metabolism and other processes (Das et al.,1997; Peralta et al., 2000). Acidification of field and forest soils is an undesirable phenomenon,since agricultural crop yields decline in acid soils. Acid rain promotes soil acidification and variouscrops respond differently to this situation (Larcher, 1995; Tong GuanHe, 2005). Some crop speciesgrow better, some do not respond and some perform worse (Neufeld et al.,1985; Tong GuanHe,2005).One of the indicators which allows determination of plant adaptive properties could be theoperation of photosynthetic apparatus and the content of pigments in leaves which determine itsperformance. Cadmium was found to strongly inhibit the accumulation of chlorophylls in theleaves of maize (Lagriffoul et al., 1998), beans (Neelu et al., 2000), barley while carotenoids werefound to be less sensitive to its effect (Neelu et al.,2000). High copper content inhibitsphotosynthetic processes and reduces chlorophyll content which is related to internal breakdown ofchloroplast structure (Maksymiec, 1997). The effect of acid rain on the performance ofphotosynthetic apparatus is determined by a plant species. For some species the content ofpigments declines, and for instance, in the needles of various pine species it does not change oreven increase (Anderson et al., 1997).175
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