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<strong>AGRONOMIJAS</strong> VĒSTIS (Latvian Journal of Agronomy), No.10, LLU, 2008ConclusionsGrasses composed 71, legumes 13, Forbs 16 % of a natural unfertilized extensive sward.Nitrogen fertilizers increased the share of grasses in the total yield of green matter by 6-12 %;N120-240 diminished the part of legumes. Decrease of legumes ranged even by 10 % in the 3rd yr.Phosphorus fertilizers increased the share of legumes, whereas botanical composition of thesward varied insignificantly in combination with N and K.Botanical composition of a sward improved by surface means (spraying with Glyphosateand sowing in) varied and depended on the amount of nutritious matters in the soil.The most effective means for maintaining a suitable composition of a sowed sward is balancedfertilization with NPK.References1. Daug÷lien÷, N. (2002) Žolininkyst÷ rūgščiuose dirvožemiuose, LŽI, 233.2. De Vliegher, A., Grunert, O., Carlier, L. (2000) The effect of grassland resowing on yield and qualityunder grazing conditions, Grassland Science in Europe, 5, 191-193.3. Hofman, N., Kowarsch, N., Bonn, S, Isselstein, J. (2001) Management for Biodiversity andConsequences for Grassland Productivity, Grassland Science in Europe. Duderstadt, 6, 113-116.4. Janušien÷, V. Tyla, A. (1999) Įvairios granuliometrin÷s sud÷ties dirvožemių agrocheminių savybiųkitimas ilgalaikiuose lizimetriniuose bandymuose, Žem÷s ūkio mokslai, 1, 3 – 9.5. Kadžiulis, L. (1972) Daugiamečių žolių auginimas pašarui, Vilnius, 10-202.6. Kučinskas, J., Pekarskas, J., Pranckietien÷, I., Vaišvila, Z., Žemaitis, A. (1999) Agrochemija, 302-304.7. Petkevičius, J. Pašarininkyst÷ (1993) Mokslas, Vilnius, 314.8. Rimkus, K. (2003) Pievotyra, Smaltija, Kaunas, 191.9. Sendžikait÷, J. (2002) Pievų fitocenozių struktūra, produktyvumas ir raida rytų Lietuvos kalvotameagrariniame kraštovaizdyje, Daktaro disertacijos santrauka, Vilnius, 3-5.10. Skuodien÷, R., (1999) Ankštinių ir varpinių žolynų bei jų naudojimo būdų tyrimai vel÷niniamejauriniame lengvo priemolio dirvožemyje, daktaro disertacijos santrauka, LŽI, Dotnuva-Akademija, 33.11. Tilman, D., Downing , J. A. (1994) Biodiversity and stability in Grasslands, Nature, 367, 363-365.12. Tonkūnas, J., Kadžiulis, L. (1977) Pievos ir ganyklos, Vilnius, 38-304.13. Vasiliauskien÷. V., Kadžiulis. L., Daug÷lien÷. N. (1996) Dirvožemio savyb÷s ir NPK trąšų įtakadaugiamečių žolių derliui ir kokybei, Žem÷s ūkio mokslai, Vilnius, Akademija, 2, 77-84.PERSPEKTIVE MANAGEMENT AND UTILISATION OF GRASSLAND IN THECZECH REPUBLICKohoutek A. 1 , Odstrčilová V. 1 , Pozdíšek J. 21 Crop Research Institute, Prague 6 - Ruzyně, Research Station in Jevíčko, the Czech Republic;2 Research Institute for Cattle Breeding, Ltd., Rapotín, the Czech Republicphone: +420 461327814, e-mail: vste@seznam.czAbstractPermanent grasslands in the Czech Republic (CR) cover the area of 950 000 ha, that is 22.2% of agricultural land (4280 000 ha). In our paper we evaluate the influence of three cutfrequencies performed at four sites of permanent grassland in CR at the standard level of fertilizingPKN 90 on yield, quality and utilisation of fodder by cattle measured in terms of milk production.We carried out a model calculation of cattle herd size needed for farming utilisation of grasslandson the basis of exact results completed with accessible literary sources on fodder intake by cattle atthe stated intensity. Dry matter production in the average of evaluated sites and treatmentsdecreases from a two-cut to four-cut utilisation from 8.05 t.ha -1 to 6.42 t.ha -1 and calculated drymatter production for the model area of 500 000 ha of grasslands is 4025 000 t at the two-cutsystem, 3665 000 ha at the three-cut system and 3210 000 ha at the four-cut system. Hence, thecow herd size necessary for the conversion of feedable dry matter is 382 000 cows in the treatmentwithout grain supplementation and extensive utilisation in form of a two-cut system, 306 000 in a132
<strong>AGRONOMIJAS</strong> VĒSTIS (Latvian Journal of Agronomy), No.10, LLU, 2008three-cut system and 231 000 in a four-cut system, the difference between two and four cutfrequencies is then 151 000 dairy cows. By this given number of suckler cows it is possible CR tomanage 300 000 hectares of grassland at the all-year need of 4.5 t productive solid on 1 LU,providing that the forage from the grassland at the average long-time yield will be exclusive an allyearfeed.Key wordsGrasslands, botanical composition, fodder quality, cattle, moulding of farming systemIntroductionPermanent grasslands cover an area of 950 000 ha which make up 22.2% of the totalagricultural land (4280 000 ha) in the Czech Republic. However, a decrease in the number oflivestock from 1236 000 cows in 1990 to 570 000 cows in 2004 has resulted in the deterioration ofgrassland management and utilization. Czech agrarian policy accepted a European agriculturalmodel with multi-functionality features based on research results. A complicated situation arisesespecially in less favoured areas, where the substitution of ruminant farming by other agrarianactivity is impossible in practice (Harvieu, 2002). However, a decrease in the importance of foragedry matter yield and an improvement in the utilisation of forage production can produce an increasein grassland forage quality. For example, Gruber et al. (2000) reported that two, three and four cutsper year resulted in forage intakes of 10.4, 13.0 and 15.2 kg of dry matter (DM) cow -1 day -1 ,respectively, and an increase in the intake of total feedstuffs. Production of the feedstuff in terms ofmilk production was 11.4, 17.2 and 23.0 kg of milk per cow -1 day -1 after 2, 3 and 4 cuts,respectively.The situation in the CR is highly unfavourable in comparison with countries of the EU-15where dairy cows numbers reach 20 580 000 head and the number of suckler cows 11 950 000, thatis 36.7 % of the total cattle stock (Pflimlin, Todorov, 2003), whereas in the CR the number ofsuckler cows was about 100 000 heads in 2002 and the number of dairy cows 477 000 head, thatis only 17.3 % (Kvapilík et al., 2003). In Switzerland the law requires a minimum area of 7 % ofspecies diverse meadows and pastures (so-called ecological compensation areas) of the total areawith postponed first cut until June 15 in the lowlands and July 15 in mountainous areas (Gujer,2005), the goal is to reach about 10 % of interconnected ecological compensation areas.Our contribution evaluates the effect of frequency of grassland utilisation on production and qualityof forage and by calculation to determine the necessary size of dairy cows herds with young cattlefor utilisation in an area of 500 thousand ha of grasslands.Nowadays, about 300 thousand ha are utilised for suckler production, and 150 thousand haare not utilized, out of the total area of 800 thousand ha of harvested grassland (Pozdíšek,Kohoutek et al., 2004).Materials and MethodsThe experiment was established in 2003 on permanent grassland at the four sites of Jevíčko,Liberec, Rapotín and Zubří. The grassland vegetation at each site was classified as Arrhenatherion.At each site there was a factorial design of four levels of grassland utilisation intensity (I) and fourlevels of fertilisation (F) laid out in four replications of 10 m 2 plots.The intensity of utilisation: I 1 (1 st cut until May 15 th , 4 cuts per year – cuts at 45 daysinterval), I 2 =(1 st cut between 16 th and 31 st May, 3 cuts per year at 60 days interval), I 3 = (1 st cutbetween 1 st and 15 th June, 2 cuts per year at 90 days interval) and I 4 = (1 st cut between 16 th and 30 thJune, 1 or 2 cuts per year, second cut after 90 days). Four levels of fertiliser application: F 0 =nofertilization, F PK = P 30 K 60 N 0 ; F PKN90 =P 30 K 60 +N 90 , F PKN180 =P 30 K 60 +N 180 . From the observedtreatments were selected two cuts (I 3 ), three cuts (I 2 ) and four cuts (I 1 ) treatments fertilised withN 90 +P 30 K 60 , which corresponds to the load of about one LU.ha -1 . For the calculation of livestocksize necessary for forage conversion were used two-year averages [from 2003 and 2004 from foursites in the CR (Jevíčko, Liberec, Rapotín, Zubří)] of dry matter production and forage quality(concentration of NEL, CP and fibre) (Kohoutek et al., 2005). Voluntary intake of dry matter bydairy cows at 2, 3 and 4 cut of grassland annually in the feed ration with and without grain133
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