Twenty years after the Windhoek Declaration on press freedom

55 Colmery et al, 2010, p.164
56 Colmery, B et al, 2010
57 See AMDI, 2006, p. 58
58 Bourgault,1995, p.221
59 Sourced from Hamasaka, 2009
60 Loughran, 2010, p.2, 25
61 Misa, 2005, p.12
62 Loughran, 2010, p.193
63 IREX, 2008, p.27
64 Bourgault, 1995, p.224
65 Loughran, 2010, p.193
66 Kareithi and Kariithi, 2005, p.21
67 See Podesta, n.d.
68 Loughran, 2010, p.169
69 Robert Kasozi, cited in Kareithi and Kariithi, 2005,
p.243
70 Frère, 2007, p.64
71 cited in Frère, 2007, p.47
72 Loughran, 2010, p.43
73 Loughran, 2010, p. 26
74 http://www.google.co.za/url?sa=t&source=web&c
d=1&ved=0CBUQFjAA&url=http%3A
%2F%2Fwww.cpj.org%2F2011%2F02%2
Fattacks-on-<strong>the</strong>-press-2010-cameroon.
php&ei=WfSuTaicAcehOr3Jre4B&usg=AFQjCNF
Wz_bTg0rQWQWR2jFma
WL5E44MEQ
75 Frère, 2007, p.49
76 Frère, 2007, p.130
77 AMDI, 2006, p. 71
78 Bethuel Thai cited in Kareithi and Kariithi, 2005,
p.254
79 Lowe Morna and Ndlovu, 2008, p.7
80 Lowe Morna and Ndlovu, 2008, p.6
81 Frère, 2007, p.140
82 Nymanjoh, 2005, p.51
83 See for example Berger and Barratt, 2007;
Mwesige, 2004; Ramaprasad, 2003
84 Nymanjoh, 2005, p.78
85 Frère, 2007, p.247; see Barratt, 2007
86 Frère, 2007, p.126
87 AMDI, 2006, p. 43
88 Frère, 2007, p.126
89 Cited at http://cpj.org/2011/02/attacks-on-<strong>the</strong>press-2010-nigeria.php
90 Senghor, 1996
91 Kasoma, 1997
92 See White, 2007
93 Wasserman, H. 2010. p. 27
94 See Mwilu, 2011
95 Mfumbusa, 2008, p. 140
96 Senghor, 1996
42 | Media in Africa - 2011
97 See Berger and Matras, 2006.
98 Colmery et al, 2010
99 See Berger, 2006
100 Lowe Morna and Ndlovu, 2008, p.8
101 AMDI, 2006, p.88
102 AMDI, 2006, p. 93
103 AMDI, 2006, p.25
104 AMDI, 2006, p.14
105 http://fesmedia.org/african-media-barometeramb/
106 See http://spiml.co.za/
107 See Berger, 2007
108 See Freedom House, 2010. Freedom of <strong>the</strong> Press
2010. Methodology. Accessed on 12 April 2010
from http://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/
fop/2010/
Methodology2010--final5May10.pdf
109 http://freedomhouse.org/template.
cfm?page=361
110 Thanks go to Andrew Kanyegirire for this data;
<strong>the</strong> responsibility for interpretation,
however, lies with <strong>the</strong> author of this report
111 The average figure is worked out because <strong>the</strong>
2002 figures exclude three countries
that are covered in <strong>the</strong> 2010 report (Somalia,
Botswana, Lesotho). The inclusion of
offender Somalia (scored at 66 negative
points) in 2010 would add to <strong>the</strong> average of
that year, as compared to <strong>the</strong> 2002 figures
112 AMDI, 2006, p. 106
113 Montez, 2011
114 See http://worldwideworx.com/2011/02/03/sacellphone-users-embrace-internet/
115 Ledgard, 2011
116 See http://www.freeafricanmedia.com/
opinionista/2011-04-18-military-censorship-
threatens-egyptian-revolution
117 AMDI, 2006, p. 3