Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks
Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks
Index 505design of protocols, 245distributed adaptive power control,237–239dynamic-programming-based rateadaptation, 268–275examples, 290–291experimental results, 290–291fast updates, 293, 294, 295–296feedback, 239–240four nodes, 293, 295–296, 295–296fundamentals, 233–235, 296–297hardware, 282–296heuristic rate adaptation, 259–268hidden-terminal problem, 243–244, 243–245IEEE standard 802.11, 240, 240implementation, 239–242, 275MAC protocol, 242–249, 268maximum usable rate, 262minimum usable rate, 262–265, 263modulation, 265–266, 266, 274–275NS-2 implementation, 249, 249one-hop topology, 276, 276–277overhead analysis, 247–248path loss effect, 290–291, 290–291power reset, 240–241power selection, rate, 266–267protocols, 242–249, 257–259, 258–259, 268radio channel model, 236–237random topology, 278–279, 279rate adaptation, 254–259retransmissions, 240–241Riccatti equation, 272–274signal-to-interference ratio, 235–236simulation, 250–253, 251–253, 275–282slowly varying interference, 291, 292, 293slow updates, 293–294software, 287, 287–290state estimation, channel, 261–262two-hop topology, 276–278, 277–278,279–282, 280–282uncertainties, channel, 235–237utilization, channel, 243, 246Power distribution, PPC, 473–475, 474Power reset, 240–241Power selection, 266–267Power sensitive schemes and protocols,31–32Power update, DAPC, 468–470PPC, see Probabilistic power control (PPC)Predictive congestion control, wirelesssensor networksadaptive congestion control, 436–449backoff interval selection, 440–446buffer occupancy, 436–440, 437fair scheduling, 446–449fundamentals, 429–432mitigation, 433–434outgoing flow variation, 456–457, 457–458overview, 432, 432–436performance, 435–436, 456–457, 457–458prediction, 433–434rate selection, 436–440, 437scheme summary, 434, 434–435simulation, 449–458tree topology, 449–454, 450–454unbalanced tree topology, 454–456,455–456Proactive routing approach, 359Probabilistic power control (PPC), 473–476,see also Adaptive and probabilisticpower controlProtocols, see also specific typeadaptive and distributed fair scheduling,308–310energy-aware MAC protocol, 342,342–343, 345optimized energy-delay routingsummary, 371–372power sensitive, mobile ad hoc networks,31–32rate adaptation, 257–259, 258–259Pursley studies, 234–235QQayyum studies, 357, 360–362Quadratic forms and definiteness, 55–56Quality of service (QoS)admission control, 8–9buffer management, 10congestion control, 10control, 7–11end-to-end congestion control scheme,117–120fair scheduling, 303–305flow control, 10fundamentals, 7–8Internet and ATM networks, 6–7packet scheduling, 9routing, 10–11traffic access control, 9traffic dependence, 2Queue occupancy costdynamic-programming-base rateadaptation, 270utilization, 433
506 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor NetworksQueuing, 418, see also Start-time fairqueuing (SFQ)Qui studies, 81, 111RRadio channel uncertaintyfading channels, 212–214models, 236–237Radio frequency identification devices(RFID)distributed adaptive power control, 293,295hardware, distributed power control,282–283wireless sensor networks, 44–45Radio frequency identification devices(RFID), reader networksanalysis, simulation, 477–483, 478–483decentralized adaptive power control,467–473distributed selection, 467distribution adaptation, 474, 475–476evaluation metrics, 477, 477fundamentals, 461–463, 483–484mathematical relations, 463–465parameters, simulation, 476–477power distribution, 473–475, 474power update, 468–470probabilistic power control, 473–476problem formulation, 463–467reader design, 476selective backoff, 470–472, 471–472simulation, 476–483standards, 467two-reader model, 465–467, 466Radio frequency setup, 287Raghavendra, Lindsey and, studies, 383Raghavendra, Singh and, studies, 234, 250,339Ramadge and Wonham studies, 163Random early detection (RED) scheme, 109Random topologyperformance evaluation, 326–332,326–332simulation, 278–279, 279Rao studies, 462Rappaport studiescellular wireless networks, 12cochannel interference, 19–20distributed power control, 181frequency interference, 463–464frequency reuse, 18network capacity, 22radio channel model, 236Rayleigh fading, 213uplink transmitter power control, 189Rate adaptationbackground, 254–259dynamic-programming-based, 268–275fundamentals, 254–257, 257heuristic, 259–268protocol comparison, 257–259, 258–259simulation, 250–253Rate propagation, 446Rate selection, 436–440, 437Ratnaraj studiesfair scheduling, hardware implementation,333, 336optimized energy-delay routing, 357optimized energy-delay subnetworkrouting, 414self-organization, subnetwork protoocl,385wireless sensor networks, routing, 384Rayleigh fadingdistributed adaptive power control,237–238fading channels, 213–214frequency interference, 464radio channel model, 236–237simulations, 276Ray studies, 40Reactive routing approach, 359Reader design, 476, see also Radio frequencyidentification devices (RFID), readernetworksReceive mode, 288RED, see Random early detection (RED)schemeRegatte and Jagannathan studiesadaptive and distributed fair scheduling,307fair scheduling, 304, 333, 446, 448–449optimized energy-delay routing protocol,357, 360, 385optimized energy-delay subnetworkrouting protocol, 414predictive congestion control, 435quality of service, 304throughput guarantee, 448–449weighted fairness criterion, 306Reghunathan studies, 339Relative layout, 45Relay nodes, optimized energy-delaysubnetwork routing
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506 <strong>Wireless</strong> <strong>Ad</strong> <strong>Hoc</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Sensor</strong> <strong>Networks</strong>Queuing, 418, see also Start-time fairqueuing (SFQ)Qui studies, 81, 111RRadio channel uncertaintyfading channels, 212–214models, 236–237Radio frequency identification devices(RFID)distributed adaptive power control, 293,295hardware, distributed power control,282–283wireless sensor networks, 44–45Radio frequency identification devices(RFID), reader networksanalysis, simulation, 477–483, 478–483decentralized adaptive power control,467–473distributed selection, 467distribution adaptation, 474, 475–476evaluation metrics, 477, 477fundamentals, 461–463, 483–484mathematical relations, 463–465parameters, simulation, 476–477power distribution, 473–475, 474power update, 468–470probabilistic power control, 473–476problem formulation, 463–467reader design, 476selective backoff, 470–472, 471–472simulation, 476–483st<strong>and</strong>ards, 467two-reader model, 465–467, 466Radio frequency setup, 287Raghavendra, Lindsey <strong>and</strong>, studies, 383Raghavendra, Singh <strong>and</strong>, studies, 234, 250,339Ramadge <strong>and</strong> Wonham studies, 163R<strong>and</strong>om early detection (RED) scheme, 109R<strong>and</strong>om topologyperformance evaluation, 326–332,326–332simulation, 278–279, 279Rao studies, 462Rappaport studiescellular wireless networks, 12cochannel interference, 19–20distributed power control, 181frequency interference, 463–464frequency reuse, 18network capacity, 22radio channel model, 236Rayleigh fading, 213uplink transmitter power control, 189Rate adaptationbackground, 254–259dynamic-programming-based, 268–275fundamentals, 254–257, 257heuristic, 259–268protocol comparison, 257–259, 258–259simulation, 250–253Rate propagation, 446Rate selection, 436–440, 437Ratnaraj studiesfair scheduling, hardware implementation,333, 336optimized energy-delay routing, 357optimized energy-delay subnetworkrouting, 414self-organization, subnetwork protoocl,385wireless sensor networks, routing, 384Rayleigh fadingdistributed adaptive power control,237–238fading channels, 213–214frequency interference, 464radio channel model, 236–237simulations, 276Ray studies, 40Reactive routing approach, 359Reader design, 476, see also Radio frequencyidentification devices (RFID), readernetworksReceive mode, 288RED, see R<strong>and</strong>om early detection (RED)schemeRegatte <strong>and</strong> Jagannathan studiesadaptive <strong>and</strong> distributed fair scheduling,307fair scheduling, 304, 333, 446, 448–449optimized energy-delay routing protocol,357, 360, 385optimized energy-delay subnetworkrouting protocol, 414predictive congestion control, 435quality of service, 304throughput guarantee, 448–449weighted fairness criterion, 306Reghunathan studies, 339Relative layout, 45Relay nodes, optimized energy-delaysubnetwork routing
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