Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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Predictive Congestion Control for Wireless Sensor Networks 455Throughput/weight (Kbps)700600500400300200100Proposed schemew/o weight adap-Proposed schemeDPCIEEE 802.11CODA01 2 3 4 5Flow IDFIGURE 9.10Performance for unbalanced tree topology.DPC because, by alleviating congestions, it does not waste bandwidth forcollisions and retransmissions. However, it is not able to provide fairservice for all flows as it cannot identify flows hampered by congestionon preceding hops. In contrast, when the weighted fairness part is addedto the proposed congestion control scheme, it identifies that flows 2through 5 are hindered because of congestion and network topology; thus,their weights are adjusted at the next hops to meet fairness criteria. As aresult, at the destination, all the flows achieve the same weighted throughputand end-to-end delay.The 802.11 protocol performs unsatisfactorily for all flows as it stallsbecause of severe congestion. In comparison, the CODA scheme improvesthe performance of the network over the 802.11 protocol as it restrictsnetwork traffic during the congestion by using the backpressure mechanism.However, CODA is not able to achieve throughput comparable tothe proposed protocol because the proposed scheme can mitigate onsetof congestion by precisely controlling queue utilization. In contrast,CODA uses a binary bit to identify the onset of congestion and has noprecise control over the incoming flows; thus, it cannot completely preventbuffer overflows. Additionally, the CODA scheme does not considerweighted fairness, thus unfairly handling different flows. Overall, theproposed protocol improves the performance of the network by 93 to 98%when compared with the CODA scheme, thus justifying increased processingrequirements of the proposed scheme.
456 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor NetworksWeight ∗ delay1.41.210.80.60.4Proposed schemew/o weight adap-Proposed schemeDPCCODA0.201 2 3 4 5Flow IDFIGURE 9.11Packet weight and delay product with equal flow weights (const = 0.2).Figure 9.11 presents the weight and delay product for all flows andprotocols. This figure does not contain the 802.11 protocol performanceresults as the protocol is quickly stalled because of congestion and onlyvery few packets are received at the destination. Consequently, theobserved delay cannot be compared with the other protocols. In case ofthe CODA scheme, the node’s transmission is halted for a random periodof time as stated by the congestion policy (Wan et al. 2003). In consequence,the end-to-end delay is increased when passing though the congestedarea. Also, in this case, the proposed protocol with weightadaptation outperforms other protocols as it assigns radio resources proportionallyto the weights associated with flows. Additionally, the hopby-hopweight adaptation takes into account problems that packetsencountered hitherto. Hence, the local unfairness is amended on the laterhops.Example 9.4.3: Performance Evaluation with OutgoingFlow VariationAdditional simulation has been performed using MATLAB to evaluateperformance of the outgoing traffic estimation and buffer occupancy controllerunder varying outgoing flow rate. The algorithm presented beforehas been implemented in MATLAB and executed for varying outgoingtraffic. The queue size is set to 20 packets, the ideal queue level is set to
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Wireless Ad Hocand SensorNetworksPr
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18. Chaos in Automatic Control, edi
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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Table of Contents1 Background on Ne
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3 Congestion Control in ATM Network
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5.4.2 Distributed Power Controller
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7.3 Adaptive and Distributed Fair S
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9.2.2 Overview.....................
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the number of connections in each l
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y Maheswaran Thiagarajan, and tirel
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2 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networ
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10 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netwo
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2BackgroundIn this chapter, we prov
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Background 51u(k)x n (k + 1)x n (k)
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Background 53with x( 0)being the in
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Background 55with tr(.) the matrix
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Background 57nGiven a function ft (
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Background 592.3.2 Lyapunov Stabili
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Background 61as well as Jagannathan
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Background 63The subsequent example
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Background 65Evaluating this along
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Background 67Now, select the feedba
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Background 69is SISL if and only if
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Background 71L 1 (x)L(x, t)L 0 (x)0
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Background 73for some R > 0 such th
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Background 75Evaluating the first d
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Background 77Section 2.4Problem 2.4
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100 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netw
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4Admission Controller Design for Hi
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Admission Controller Design for Hig
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7Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wir
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Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wire
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8Optimized Energy and Delay-Based R
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Optimized Energy and Delay-Based Ro
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