Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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Predictive Congestion Control for Wireless Sensor Networks 451Throughput/weight (Kbps)800700600500400300200100Proposed schemeDPC schemeIEEE 802.1101 2 3 4 5Flow IDFIGURE 9.5Performance for tree topology with varying flow weights.weights will get proportional service rates. The DPC protocol achievesvery good fairness in the case of identical weights. However, the DPCfails when the weights are unequal because there is no mechanism to varyallocation of the channel resources. Overall, the proposed scheme achievesbetter fairness compared to the DPC and 802.11 protocols.Table 9.1 summarizes the overall performance of the protocols. The fairnessindex (FI) in Table 9.1 shows the fairness in case of varying flowweights. An ideal protocol will have the FI equal to 1.00. Both the 802.11and DPC protocols have FI smaller than 1.00, indicating unfair handling offlows, whereas the proposed scheme achieves fairness index equal to 1.00,indicating fair allocation of resources to the flows. The proposed protocolachieves an end-to-end fairness by recursively applying the proposedscheme at every node, which, in turn, guarantees the hop-by-hop fairness.TABLE 9.1Protocol Performance ComparisonProtocolAverageDelay(sec)FairnessIndex (FI)(mixweights)NetworkEfficiency(kbps)EnergyEfficiency(kb/J)Proposed 0.8 1.00 400.99 13.05802.11 — 0.91 77.86 3.23DPC 1.06 0.91 368.55 11.79
452 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor NetworksIn terms of throughput, the 802.11 protocol performs unsatisfactorilybecause it cannot handle the increased number of collisions that occur ina heavily congested network as it was unable to predict the onset ofcongestion to prevent it. The network becomes deadlocked because frequentcollisions prevent the 802.11 protocol from successfully deliveringpackets to the destination node, as observed in Figure 9.5. As a result, theaverage delay for 802.11 is significantly high compared to other schemes.On the other hand, the DPC detects the idle channel after collisions andresumes transmission sooner than the 802.11 protocol (Zawodniok andJagannathan 2004), thus improving throughput in a congested network.In the case of the proposed scheme, the throughput is further increasedbecause it prevents the onset of congestion. By applying feedback in theform of backpressure signal, the proposed scheme prevents packet losses;therefore, it minimizes energy and bandwidth wastage, and maximizesend-to-end throughput. Consequently, the proposed algorithm outperformsother protocols.Figure 9.6 and Figure 9.7 present throughput and drop rate for flow 1,for instance. It can be noticed that, during the time interval of 21 to 31sec, the link from relay node to destination experiences severe fading andno transmission is possible. The proposed protocol prevents overflowingbuffer at the relay node by sending backpressure indication to the sourcesand preventing them from overflowing the relay node. Thus, no increasein drop rate is observed for the rate-based protocol.Figure 9.8 and Figure 9.9 illustrate the “weight * delay” metric, whichdescribes a weighted fairness in terms of end-to-end delay. The desired350300Throughput for flow 1802.11Rate-basedThroughput (Kbps)2502001501005000 5 10 15 20Time25 30 35 40FIGURE 9.6Throughput for flow 1.
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18. Chaos in Automatic Control, edi
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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Table of Contents1 Background on Ne
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3 Congestion Control in ATM Network
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5.4.2 Distributed Power Controller
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7.3 Adaptive and Distributed Fair S
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9.2.2 Overview.....................
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the number of connections in each l
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y Maheswaran Thiagarajan, and tirel
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2 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networ
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10 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netwo
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2BackgroundIn this chapter, we prov
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Background 51u(k)x n (k + 1)x n (k)
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Background 53with x( 0)being the in
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Background 55with tr(.) the matrix
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Background 57nGiven a function ft (
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Background 592.3.2 Lyapunov Stabili
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Background 61as well as Jagannathan
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Background 63The subsequent example
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Background 65Evaluating this along
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Background 67Now, select the feedba
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Background 69is SISL if and only if
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Background 71L 1 (x)L(x, t)L 0 (x)0
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Background 73for some R > 0 such th
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Background 75Evaluating the first d
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Background 77Section 2.4Problem 2.4
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100 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netw
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4Admission Controller Design for Hi
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Admission Controller Design for Hig
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7Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wir
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Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wire
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8Optimized Energy and Delay-Based R
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Optimized Energy and Delay-Based Ro
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Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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