Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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Optimized Energy and Delay-Based Routing 4198.10.2.2 Routing PacketsThe routing aspects of the OEDSR protocol have been implemented onthe 8051 platform with an 802.15.4 radio module. Five types of messageshave been considered:• BEAM packet: The BS broadcasts BEAM packets to the wholenetwork to wake-up nodes and initiates data transmission. RSSIis retrieved by the receiving nodes and used to estimate the distanceto the BS.• HELLO packet: The node while searching for a route to the BS,broadcasts HELLO packets to neighbors periodically until ACKis received, or until timeout. The distance to BS is included sothat the receiving node can determine the closest node to the BS.• Acknowledgment (ACK) packet: ACK is sent as a response to theHELLO packet when the node’s distance to BS is smaller than therequesting node’s distance. Also, ACK contains the node’sremaining energy and distance to the BS. The HELLO source nodereceives ACK packet and calculates a transmission delay. The linkcost is calculated and temporarily stored to compare it with laterresponses.• SELECT packet: When HELLO/ACK timeout elapses, the nodeselects the route based on the link costs from the stored ACKinformation. Subsequently, the SELECT packet is sent to theselected node to indicate route selection. The receiving node startsroute discovery toward BS by sending a HELLO packet.• DATA packet: The DATA packet conveys application specific datato the BS.8.10.2.3 Traffic CasesFigure 8.51 presents a block diagram of the routing implementation. Thehandling of the received message starts at the RX block, where the typeof the packet is determined. Next, the processing proceeds depending onthe packet type.8.10.2.4 Memory LimitationsMemory limitations are incurred by the hardware. The routing protocolrequires a particular amount of memory to store the routing table andtemporary information from ACK. The number of routing table entriesdepends on expected number of active CHs. Moreover, the routing tablesstore only a link cost value, calculated from HELLO-ACK exchange. Furthermore,to reduce memory requirements, periodically inactive sourcesare purged from the routing table.
420 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor NetworksRXReceived BEAMfrom BSHas datato send?YesHas routeto BS?NoReceived SELECTmessageNoReceived ACKmessageCalculate link costand storeACKreceive timeoutelapsed?YesSelect route(next hop)NoReceived HELLOmessageIs closerto BS thansource ofHELLO?YesSend ACKresponseBroadcast HELLOStart ACKsreceive timerYesNoSend SELECTmessage to nexthopRXRXRXFIGURE 8.51Control flow scheme for OEDSR routing implementation.8.11 Performance EvaluationExperiments for OEDSR were performed using a network of UMR ISNsand the G4-SSNs. Experimental results are compared to static routing todemonstrate the dynamic routing of the OEDSR. Use of static routingprovides an initial assessment, whereas future work will provide comparisonto existing protocols.The nodes use 802.15.4 modules transmitting at a 250-kbps RF data rate.The ISN is used to generate CBR traffic and provide data source functionality.CHs and RNs are implemented using the G4-SSN. The CH providesthe OEDSR routing capabilities by choosing the RN for routing of traffictoward the BS. The node’s processor interfaces to the 802.15.4 module at38.4 kbps, the maximum supported data rate. The ISN, CH, and RNs areequipped with low-power 1-mW 802.15.4 modules; whereas the BS is
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Wireless Ad Hocand SensorNetworksPr
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18. Chaos in Automatic Control, edi
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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Table of Contents1 Background on Ne
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3 Congestion Control in ATM Network
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5.4.2 Distributed Power Controller
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7.3 Adaptive and Distributed Fair S
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9.2.2 Overview.....................
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the number of connections in each l
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y Maheswaran Thiagarajan, and tirel
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2 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networ
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10 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netwo
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2BackgroundIn this chapter, we prov
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Background 51u(k)x n (k + 1)x n (k)
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Background 53with x( 0)being the in
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Background 55with tr(.) the matrix
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Background 57nGiven a function ft (
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Background 592.3.2 Lyapunov Stabili
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Background 61as well as Jagannathan
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Background 63The subsequent example
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Background 65Evaluating this along
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Background 67Now, select the feedba
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Background 69is SISL if and only if
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Background 71L 1 (x)L(x, t)L 0 (x)0
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Background 73for some R > 0 such th
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Background 75Evaluating the first d
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Background 77Section 2.4Problem 2.4
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100 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netw
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4Admission Controller Design for Hi
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Admission Controller Design for Hig
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7Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wir
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Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wire
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8Optimized Energy and Delay-Based R
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Optimized Energy and Delay-Based Ro
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Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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