Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 349that the channel uncertainties for the simulations are the same at therespective time instants. Sample attenuation observed for a random receivernode was presented in Chapter 6. The results were repeated for a number ofdifferent, randomly generated scenarios, and they were averaged.The standard AODV routing protocol was used, whereas any routingprotocol can be employed because the proposed work is independent ofa routing protocol. The following values were used for all the simulations,unless otherwise specified: channel bandwidth is taken as 2 Mbps. Themaximum power used for transmission is selected as 0.2818 W; the targetSIR for the proposed DPC is equal to 10, the minimum SIR for error-freereception is equal to 4 (~6 db). The target SIR value is 2.5 times higherthan minimum SIR to overcome an unpredictable fading. For the proposedDPC, the design parameters are selected as Kv = 0.01, and = 0.01.The safety margin in case of retransmissions is set to 1.5 for the proposedDPC scheme. For the sleep mode, each sensor will initiate periodicdummy communication toward its CH after an idle period of 0.5 sec.Example 7.6.1: Twelve-Cluster Sensor Network ResultsThe network consists of 109 nodes: 96 sensor nodes, 12 CHs, and 1 BS.Each sensor generates steady traffic. The flow rates are varied betweensimulations. Figure 7.23 shows contention time for different per flow rates.The DPC outperforms 802.11 by about 10%. The DPC with the sleep modehas the shortest contention time for all simulated traffic rates due to theinclusion of the sleep mode.300Contention for cluster topology12 clusters, 8 sensors per cluster, duration 2Contention (Msec)2502001501005006 8 10 12 14 16 18 20Per-flow rate (Kbps)DPC + sleep modeDPC802.11FIGURE 7.23Contention time for varying per flow rate.
350 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks6Totaldata transmitted (cluster topology)12 clusters, 8 sensors per cluster, duration 20sTotaldata (Mbits)5432106 8 10 12 14 16 18 20Per-flow rate (Kbps)DPC + sleep modeDPC802.11FIGURE 7.24Total data transmitted for varying per flow rates.In terms of total data transmitted, the DPC without and with sleep modeachieve better results as shown in Figure 7.24. For both, DPC without andwith sleep mode, the amount of transmitted data decreases with anincrease in per flow rates. This indicates that the network is congested;hence, the utilization decreases. At low per flow rates, the sleep mode isnot as beneficial; hence, low throughput whereas for moderate to highflow rates, sleep mode provides a reasonable throughput compared toother methods. Figure 7.25 presents the energy efficiency of each protocolwhere the DPC with sleep mode performs better than DPC without sleepmode and 802.11 protocols. This will extend lifetime of the sensors andthe network.Example 7.6.2: Twenty-Cluster Sensor Network ResultsTo simulate significant traffic, a 20-cluster topology is used. Similar to the12-cluster case, the DPC with sleep mode achieves lower contention time.Also, from Figure 7.26 and Figure 7.27, with total data transmitted andtotal data transmitted per joule, the DPC without and with sleep modeoutperform 802.11. Additionally, DPC with sleep mode is able to increasethroughput and energy efficiency as the traffic increases. However, ingeneral, the 20-cluster network is able to transmit less data than a smallernetwork due to heavy congestion and presence of a bottleneck linkbecause the entire traffic is directed to one node — BS.
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Wireless Ad Hocand SensorNetworksPr
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18. Chaos in Automatic Control, edi
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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Table of Contents1 Background on Ne
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3 Congestion Control in ATM Network
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5.4.2 Distributed Power Controller
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7.3 Adaptive and Distributed Fair S
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9.2.2 Overview.....................
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the number of connections in each l
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y Maheswaran Thiagarajan, and tirel
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2 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networ
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10 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netwo
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2BackgroundIn this chapter, we prov
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Background 51u(k)x n (k + 1)x n (k)
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Background 53with x( 0)being the in
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Background 55with tr(.) the matrix
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Background 57nGiven a function ft (
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Background 592.3.2 Lyapunov Stabili
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Background 61as well as Jagannathan
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Background 63The subsequent example
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Background 65Evaluating this along
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Background 67Now, select the feedba
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Background 69is SISL if and only if
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Background 71L 1 (x)L(x, t)L 0 (x)0
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Background 73for some R > 0 such th
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Background 75Evaluating the first d
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Background 77Section 2.4Problem 2.4
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100 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netw
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4Admission Controller Design for Hi
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Admission Controller Design for Hig
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Page 326 and 327: 7Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wir
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9Predictive Congestion Control for
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Predictive Congestion Control for W
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10Adaptive and Probabilistic Power
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Adaptive and Probabilistic Power Co
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Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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