Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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Distributed Power Control and Rate Adaptation 289Time...…….GetRSSI_BufferRSSI_bufferFinish receiving packetWriteRSSI_bufferStore noisestrengthReceiveIdleStore signalstrengthPreamble detectionFinish transmittingpacketOutgoing packetreadyTransmitFIGURE 6.30Baseband flowchart.at the reception of every byte. When the radio is in the idle mode, anyincoming data is discarded; however, the RSSI value is still recorded every8 bits. To separate preamble from noise, a small “RSSI_buffer” stores thepast N values of RSSI, where N equals to the length of preamble bytes.Any reading beyond N is averaged as the “noise_power.” After the radioenters the receive mode, RSSI is recorded and averaged along with thevalues in the RSSI_buffer to provide “signal_power.” A flowchart diagramof the mode switching and RSSI reading is shown in Figure 6.30.6.11.2.5 DAPC MAC controllerFigure 6.31 illustrates the block diagram representation of the proposedDAPC control loop inside a transmitter and receiver.At the receiver side, signal strength P i , noise level I i and, therefore, theSNR R i are measured at the reception. Ouput power at the transmitter P tis known from the previous calculation. Given P t and P i , the channelattenuation g ii for the previous transmission can be calculated. Now,update θ i and P t using Table 5.3. P t is then embedded into the MAC headerof the next outgoing packet to the corresponding transmitter. At the receptionof the next packet, the cycle begins again.
290 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor NetworksTransmitter DAPCPower controlWireless channelwith uncertaintiesNextselectionFeedback of power selectionWireless channelwith uncertaintiesReceiver DAPCSNR measurementsChannel estimationPower selectionQuantization factorFIGURE 6.31 DAPC in control loop.At the transmitter side, DAPC must extract the power information fromthe MAC header and inform the baseband to transmit P t for the nextoutgoing packet to the corresponding receiver. In hardware implementation,especially in digital systems, a quantization factor should be introducedbecause the hardware may not provide the precision for outputpower that the DAPC desires. The quantization factor is simply the ratiobetween the actual P t’ and desired transmission power P t . This ratio isdivided by the next power calculation to improve estimation accuracyand maintain system stability.6.11.3 Experimental ResultsIn this section, hardware implementation results for the DAPC are presented.Various experiments are executed to create channel interferencesto thoroughly evaluate the performance of the DAPC. Note that the experimentsare conducted under normal office environments where other ISMband devices exist along with other channel uncertainties. Because ofrange and power limitations, the SNR for the test platform can reach amaximum of 80 dB. Therefore, the system control parameter kv and arevery small and selected as 1e15 and 0.01, respectively.In general, a paired connection between a transmitter and receiver isestablished. The transmitter sends a 100-byte packet to the receiver every500 msec. The receiver sends the reply with a 100-byte packet immediatelyafter reception. This also indicates that the power update rate is only 2times per second. Essentially, the nodes act as transmitters and receivers,and the DAPC is implemented on both of them. The working range forthe experiments is usually within 5 m.Example 6.11.1: Path Loss EffectIn this setup, a paired connection is established. The receiver was slowlymoved towards the transmitter and then taken away. The desired SNR
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18. Chaos in Automatic Control, edi
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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Table of Contents1 Background on Ne
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3 Congestion Control in ATM Network
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5.4.2 Distributed Power Controller
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7.3 Adaptive and Distributed Fair S
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9.2.2 Overview.....................
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the number of connections in each l
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y Maheswaran Thiagarajan, and tirel
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2 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networ
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10 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netwo
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2BackgroundIn this chapter, we prov
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Background 51u(k)x n (k + 1)x n (k)
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Background 53with x( 0)being the in
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Background 55with tr(.) the matrix
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Background 57nGiven a function ft (
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Background 592.3.2 Lyapunov Stabili
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Background 61as well as Jagannathan
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Background 63The subsequent example
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Background 65Evaluating this along
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Background 67Now, select the feedba
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Background 69is SISL if and only if
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Background 71L 1 (x)L(x, t)L 0 (x)0
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Background 73for some R > 0 such th
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Background 75Evaluating the first d
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Background 77Section 2.4Problem 2.4
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100 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netw
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4Admission Controller Design for Hi
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Admission Controller Design for Hig
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Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wire
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8Optimized Energy and Delay-Based R
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Optimized Energy and Delay-Based Ro
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9Predictive Congestion Control for
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Predictive Congestion Control for W
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10Adaptive and Probabilistic Power
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Adaptive and Probabilistic Power Co
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