Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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Distributed Power Control and Rate Adaptation 283and Rayleigh fading can attenuate the power of the signal at the receiver,and thus cause variations in the received SNR or SIR. In addition, otherwireless devices working in the same frequency band interfere, therebyincreasing the noise level at the receiver. The objective of the DPC is toovercome these channel uncertainties and maintain a desired SNR at thereceiver.In cellular networks, the uncertain dynamic wireless channel results inintermittent connectivity and high energy consumption. DAPC schemescan be applied between the transmit tower and mobile user to reduce theeffect of channel fluctuation and decrease the connection outage probability(Jagannathan et al. 2006). On the other hand, for wireless ad hocand sensor networks, DAPC schemes applied between paired connectionscan increase the energy efficiency of the nodes, and therefore extendthe lifetime of the network and improve the QoS (Zawodniok andJagannathan 2004).Similarly, in radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, the detectionrange and read rates will suffer from interference among high-powerreading devices. The problem grows severe and degrades system performancesin dense RFID networks. DAPC scheme can be deployed at theRFID reader to mitigate the interference issue among readers, and ensurethe overall coverage area of the system while maintaining a desired readrate (Cha et al. 2006).Work presented in this section focuses on the implementation ofDAPC protocol on a generic wireless test platform developed at theUniversity of Missouri — Rolla (UMR) (Cha et al. 2006). Hardwareexperiments are set up to evaluate the DAPC operation under variouschannel conditions in hardware because the authors are not aware ofany known hardware implementations in this area. The results fromthe experiments illustrate that the protocol performs satisfactorily, asexpected.For the sake of simplicity, only the mathematical equation used forimplementation is described here. In the discrete-time domain, the feedbackcontrol for the DAPC is selected as (Zawodniok and Jagannathan2004)p iIi()l( l + 1 ) =i lRi l Rrequiredg () l[ − θ ˆ () () + + k v( R i( l ) − R required)]ii(6.61)where θiˆ () l is the estimation of the unknown parameters defined as θ i () land is a control parameter.The mean channel estimation error along with the mean SNR errorconverges to zero asymptotically, if parameter updates are taken ask vˆ ( ) ˆ () ()( () )θ l+ 1 = θ l + σ R l R l −Ri i i i required(6.62)
284 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networkswhere s is the adaptation gain. The selection of k v and s should obey thefollowing:σ Ri( l ) 2 < 1(6.63)k < 1− σ R()lvmaxi2(6.65)For different network types, implementations of the DAPC can be different.However, the hardware implementation presented in this sectionis not specific to any existing type of wireless networks. It is only intendedto demonstrate the working principles of the DAPC on a generic wirelesstest platform. The objective is to show that the desired SNR can beobtained in the presence of channel uncertainties. Moreover, this sectionfrom Cha et al. (2006) discusses in detail about the design specificationsand requirements.The proposed DAPC should be implemented at the MAC layer becauseit is specific to the connection and requires physical access to certainbaseband parameters, such as RSSI reading and output power. A detaileddescription of the DAPC MAC is discussed in Subsection 6.5.2. We willnow discuss the implementation in terms of hardware and softwareissues.6.11.1 Hardware ArchitectureIn this section, an overview of the hardware implementation of the DAPCprotocol is given from Cha et al. (2006). First, a customized wirelesscommunication test platform for evaluating wireless networking protocolsis presented. A detailed description of capabilities and limitations ofthe test platform is presented.6.11.1.1 Wireless Networking Test PlatformTo evaluate various networking protocols, a UHF wireless test platformis designed based on the UMR/SLU Generation-4 Smart Sensor Node(G4-SSN) (Fonda et al. 2006). Silicon Laboratories ® 8051 variant microprocessorswas selected for its ability to provide fast 8-bit processing, lowpower consumption, and ease of interfacing to peripheral components.ADF7020 ISM band transceiver was employed as the underlying physicalradio for its ability to provide precise control in frequency, modulation,power, and data rate. A Zigbee compliant Maxstream XBee RF modulewas also employed as a secondary radio unit providing alternative wirelesssolutions. The former is suitable for low-level protocol development
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18. Chaos in Automatic Control, edi
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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Table of Contents1 Background on Ne
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3 Congestion Control in ATM Network
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5.4.2 Distributed Power Controller
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7.3 Adaptive and Distributed Fair S
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9.2.2 Overview.....................
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the number of connections in each l
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y Maheswaran Thiagarajan, and tirel
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2 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networ
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10 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netwo
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2BackgroundIn this chapter, we prov
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Background 51u(k)x n (k + 1)x n (k)
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Background 53with x( 0)being the in
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Background 55with tr(.) the matrix
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Background 57nGiven a function ft (
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Background 592.3.2 Lyapunov Stabili
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Background 61as well as Jagannathan
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Background 63The subsequent example
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Background 65Evaluating this along
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Background 67Now, select the feedba
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Background 69is SISL if and only if
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Background 71L 1 (x)L(x, t)L 0 (x)0
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Background 73for some R > 0 such th
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Background 75Evaluating the first d
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Background 77Section 2.4Problem 2.4
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100 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netw
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4Admission Controller Design for Hi
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Admission Controller Design for Hig
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Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wire
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8Optimized Energy and Delay-Based R
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Optimized Energy and Delay-Based Ro
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9Predictive Congestion Control for
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Predictive Congestion Control for W
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10Adaptive and Probabilistic Power
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Adaptive and Probabilistic Power Co
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