Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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Distributed Power Control and Rate Adaptation 241could also become worse. On the other hand, in an active approach foreach retransmission, the power is increased by a certain factor. Unfortunately,this will increase interference as well as power consumption.However, experiments done with both methods have indicated that theactive adaptation of power yielded higher throughput and resulted infewer retransmissions when compared to the passive method. As a result,the active retransmission method is better in terms of throughput andenergy efficiency, and it was chosen for the DPC scheme (Zawodniokand Jagannathan 2004).Additionally, as the estimated power value for a given destinationbecomes less and less accurate, either the feedback or time delay increasesbetween any two receptions or consecutive frame transmissions respectively.After a certain idle period, the channel estimate will not reflect thefuture channel state accurately. To overcome this, after a certain idle timeinterval, the proposed algorithm will reset the transmission power to themaximum value defined for the network. Then the DPC process describedin previous subsection is restarted from the beginning.6.4.4 DPC AlgorithmIn the proposed implementation shown in Figure 6.1 a feedback loop isused between the transmitter and the receiver to successfully implementthe DPC. The source node 1 and destination node 2 are used in thisdescription.1. The source node 1 sends the RTS frame to the destination node 2using the maximum transmission power defined for the network.2. When the destination node 2 receives the RTS:• The interference is measured during the RTS reception, and asuitable transmission power increment required to successfullytransmit the next packet by the source node is calculated.3. The first CTS frame from the destination node 2 is transmittedusing the maximum power value as follows:• The CTS frame will embed the power value calculated in Step2 for the source node 1.4. When the source node 1 receives the CTS:• The interference is measured at the node 1, and the suitabletransmission power increment required by the node 2 is calculatedfor the next packet.• The transmission power at the source node 1 for the next packetis obtained by using the power increment value embeddedwithin CTS.
242 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks5. When the source sends the DATA frame:• The transmission power just calculated by using the informationfrom the CTS is used.• The power increment for the destination is included.6. When the destination receives the DATA frame:• The interference is measured, and the suitable transmissionpower increment for the next packet at the source node 1 iscalculated.• The transmission power of the destination B is updated accordingto the power value carried in the DATA frame.7. When the destination sends the ACK frame:• The transmission power required to transmit the ACK frameis obtained by using the power increment information carriedby the DATA frame.• Power increment value for the source node 1 is included.8. When the source receives the ACK frame:• The interference is measured, and the suitable transmissionpower increment for the destination node 2 is calculated.• The transmission power of the source node 1 is updated byusing the power information carried in the ACK.9. Then the nodes wait for next user packet to be sent from the sourceto the destination.10. After a new user packet is ready to be sent from the source, itsends RTS frame to the destination node:• The power increment value carried by the last ACK frame isused to obtain the transmitter power.• The power increment value for the destination node is embedded.11. The above steps are repeated for all the frames: transmitter poweris calculated by DPC for each frame and passed as feedback inthe following frame both at the source and the destination.6.5 Power Control MAC ProtocolFor this DPC implementation, the original MAC protocol for 802.11 hasbeen modified. These modifications will occur at several different layers.Furthermore, a novel idea of train of pulses, which is adapted from
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Wireless Ad Hocand SensorNetworksPr
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18. Chaos in Automatic Control, edi
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CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000
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Table of Contents1 Background on Ne
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3 Congestion Control in ATM Network
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5.4.2 Distributed Power Controller
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7.3 Adaptive and Distributed Fair S
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9.2.2 Overview.....................
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the number of connections in each l
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y Maheswaran Thiagarajan, and tirel
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2 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networ
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10 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netwo
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2BackgroundIn this chapter, we prov
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Background 51u(k)x n (k + 1)x n (k)
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Background 53with x( 0)being the in
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Background 55with tr(.) the matrix
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Background 57nGiven a function ft (
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Background 592.3.2 Lyapunov Stabili
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Background 61as well as Jagannathan
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Background 63The subsequent example
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Background 65Evaluating this along
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Background 67Now, select the feedba
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Background 69is SISL if and only if
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Background 71L 1 (x)L(x, t)L 0 (x)0
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Background 73for some R > 0 such th
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Background 75Evaluating the first d
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Background 77Section 2.4Problem 2.4
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100 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Netw
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4Admission Controller Design for Hi
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Admission Controller Design for Hig
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7Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wir
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Distributed Fair Scheduling in Wire
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8Optimized Energy and Delay-Based R
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Optimized Energy and Delay-Based Ro
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9Predictive Congestion Control for
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Predictive Congestion Control for W
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10Adaptive and Probabilistic Power
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Adaptive and Probabilistic Power Co
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