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which later went into French and English. It is significant that thetranslations done during the Indo-Muslim encounter were part of adialogue between civilizations. Quoting Sisir Kumar Das Asaduddincomments that the Persian influence that was widespread in the 18 thcentury Indian literature didn’t leave any lasting mark. But it can besafely argued that forms like the ghazal, which has becomeintegrated into the literary culture of India, are imprints of thisencounter. The narrative tradition of prose romances such as QissaGul Bakawali and Qissa Chahar Darvesh informs the digressive andpolyphonic narratives of some of the major modern novels in Urdu,Hindi and other Indian languages. Thus, translation makes availableto us a repertoire of styles and modes which become part of a literarytradition. In the context of pre-colonial India this question becomescomplex as translational practices are implicated in the competingideologies of social and religious structures of power. This isconvincingly illustrated by the papers dealing with Oriya andKannada.Dipti Ranjan Pattanaik and Debendra K. Dash trace thecompeting ideologies inherent in the practice of translation inmedieval Orissa. Even within Orissa different geographical areasevidence different translational practices, depending on the nature ofpower relations they negotiate. The western part of Orissa with aconsiderable tribal population did not produce many translationswhile the southern part with its Muslim patrons had much literaryactivity. The authors demonstrate how translation was a means ofaffirming or resisting identities. The translation of a single text bythree different authors such as Sarala Das, Balaram Das andAchyuthananda Das suggests that their own cult affiliations andideological beliefs dictate their approach to the original texts as wellas translational strategies. In Balaram Das’s translation, for instance,his loyalty to the Vaishnava cult of Jagannath makes him view Ramaas the seventh incarnation of Jagannath. Jaina Ramayanas retell thesame narrative differently and from their point of view. JagannathDas, the first Brahmin among the early translators in the Oriya