Focus on Grammar

emarkable [ri´ma:kÀbl] adjexport [eks´pÁ:t] vspace [speis] nPaul is remarkable for his intelligence. Garniis a remarkable monument of ancient Armenianarchitecture.Armenia exports brandy to many countries. Japanexports electronic products to other countries. Ant.:import [im´pÁ:t] v: Armenia imports gas from Iran andoil from Russia.1. an empty area: We replaced the bath with a showerto create more space. 2. the universe: The fi rst man whofl ew to space was Yuri Gagarin. Space was conqueredin the middle of the twentieth century.exceed [Iksi:d] 1. to be greater in number: Wind speed exceeded 90miles per hour. 2. go above an official limit: Driverswho exceed the speed limit will pay a fi ne. exceedsb’s expectations: The result exceeded all theirexpectations.Words not to be confusedfinally 1. introduces the last element in a series: Then fi nally we went home. 2.suggests the idea of a long wait: We fi nally managed to have a holiday inGreece. Syn.: eventuallyat lastafter allin the endalso suggests a long wait or delay: James has passed his exam at last.in spite of what was said before, contrary to what was expected: I amsorry, I can’t come after all. 2. we mustn’t forget that: After all, she is abig girl now.suggests that sth happens after lot of changes, problems or uncertainty: Wemade different plans for the holiday, but in the end we went to Brightonagain.Phrasal verbs with COMEcome about to happen: The fl ood came about as a result of the heavy winter rains.come across to meet or find unexpectedly (=run across): I came across some old lettersyesterday.come from originate from, belong to: He comes from a poor family.come on 1. to hurry up, move rapidly: Come on, the taxi is here. 2. appear, take place:The lights came on.come out be published: This newspaper comes out every day.come up (to) approach: The little girl came up to me and asked the way to the post office.3

1. Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B.Aexportcome fromremarkableimportchiefadvantagechieflyexceedBchiefly, for most partbring in goods from a foreign countryhave as a place of originto be much bigger than people expectedsomething useful or helpfulchief, most importantdeserving or attracting attentionsend goods to other countries2. Fill in the words on the left in their correct forms.come from a. Khan Massehian (1864–1937) –– a noble Armenian family inbe good at Tehran. This outstanding man was not only a professionaladvantage diplomat, a statesman, a teacher and an editor, but also a ––remarkable translator. He –– languages since childhood and when he grewmain up he –– Persian, Turkish, Greek, Russian, French, German andmaster English. He was the personal translator of the Shah of Iran and representedthe country in London, Berlin, Tokyo and elsewhere. It is difficult toimagine how he could find time to devote himself to translating. Hetranslated both Eastern and European writers into Armenian. But his–– interest was Shakespeare. Massehian successfully translated almostall Shakespeare’s works. The –– of his translations was that he was ableto express the great spirit of Shakespeare.export b. England is not rich in oil, iron and other natural resources. It ––import them from Asia. Japan –– electronics to many countries of the world.3. Insert the words finally, at last, after all, in the end.1. After all our adventures we ... arrived home at midnight.2. My father … agreed to let me go on the trip.3. ... I’d like to thank everyone for coming along this evening.4. The question has not been decided yet ... .5. … he agreed that he was guilty.6. We need to increase productivity. We need to reduce unemployment. And ..., weneed to make our exports greater.7. …! Where have you been?8. I left in the middle of the film. Did they get married ...?4. Use a phrasal verb from the list to replace the words in italics.1. Where was he born? He has such an interesting accent.2. Because I was walking so slowly, she kept saying, “Hurry up!”4

3. The deer approached slowly and ate directly from my hand.4. Where is this magazine published?5. How did it happen that they lost the game?6. I found this word in the magazine by chance.Did you know?When you turn on the channels of the TV, you can often say for sure if the voicesfilling up your room are the voices of America or a programme from BBC. That isbecause there is a great difference between the types of English spoken in differentparts of the world today. This comes as a shock for many people crossing the Atlanticfor the first time. They often misunderstand each other. Imagine an English lady whoheard on the first day of her visit to Australia if she came there “to die” or “not to die”.The Australian only wanted to find out when she had arrived (today or not today).The Americans usually say: The British say:subway Undergroundgas petrolgas station petrol station/filling stationcookies biscuitscan tinapartment flatfirst floor ground floorelevator liftfall autumnSo the Americans stand in line (queue) to see a movie (film), and they go onvacation (holiday), sometimes in the fall (autumn). An American does the dishes(washes up) and then washes up (washes his/her hands).Just for funOnce an American invited his British friend to his place. He told him to put on hisvest and pants. When the Englishman came to his place, the guests were surprised tosee a man dressed for a game of tennis. The Englishman, who was very upset by thesituation, whispered: “But you told me to put on my vest and pants!”The fact is that vest and pants in British and American English mean different things.Read the text and do the exercises.Her Majesty the English LanguageBackgroundA Pygmalion was written by George Bernard Shaw and first staged in London in1913. Years later Alan Jay Lerner adapted Shaw’s Pygmalion to make a musical playwhich was turned into a fi lm. The fi lm was a fantastic success. It won popularity and5

admiration all over the world. The sets, the music, let alone the acting of AudreyHepburn were excellent.ContextThe main characters are as follows:Henry Higgins: a professor of phonetics and a bachelor.Colonel Pickering: his friend and colleague.Eliza Doolittle: a Cockney flower-seller.At the beginning of the play we are introduced to Eliza (Liza) selling fl owers inCovent Garden. As people speak Professor Higgins is making notes of the way theytalk. He at once guesses where people come from, ´sometimes within two streets’according to their accent. He correctly notes what area of London Liza comes from. Heboasts to the crowd that he is a teacher of phonetics, and makes a bet with Pickeringthat in three months he could pass Liza as a duchess at an ambassador’s party! 1Read the text in pairs and act it out.My Fair LadyA musical by Alan Jay LernerAdapted from Bernard Shaw’s PygmalionMusic by Frederich Loewe.1 Act I, Scene 5Higgins’s study Eliza is seated in the wing chair. Higgins is facing her, a small boxof marbles 2 in his hand. He places them in her mouth.Higgins: Four … five … six marbles. There we are. (He holds up a sheet of paper).5 Now I want you to read this and pronounce each word just as if the marbles werenot in your mouth. “With blackest moss, the flower pots were thickly crusted, oneand all 3 .” Each word clear as a bell. (He gives her the paper).Eliza: Pots were thickly crusted one and all… I can’t! I can’t!Higgins: I cannot understand a word. Not a word.10 Pickering: I say Higgins, perhaps the poem is too difficult for the girl. Why don’ttry a simpler one?Higgins: Pickering! I cannot hear the girl! (Eliza stops and takes the marbles out ofher mouth) What’s the matter? Why did you stop?Eliza: I swallowed one.1 he could pass Liza as a duchess at an ambassador’s party – ܳ Ïϳñáճݳ Èǽ³ÛÇÝ Ý»ñϳ۳óÝ»Éáñå»ë ¹ùëáõÑÇ ¹»ëå³ÝÇ »ñ»ÏáõÛÃÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï2 marbles [´ma:blz]- Ù³ñÙ³ñ» ÷áùñ ù³ñ»ñ Ù³ÝÏ³Ï³Ý Ë³ÕÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ3 With blackest moss, the flower pots were thickly crusted, one and all – a line from a poem6

15 Higgins: Oh, don’t worry, I have plenty more. Open your mouth.(The lights go off, then come up again. Eliza, overtired and sleepy, is lying on thesofa. Pickering is half asleep in the wing chair. Higgins is seated at the desk, an icebagon his head).Higgins (tired); The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.Eliza: The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain 1 .20 Higgins: Don’t say ‘Rine’, say ‘Rain’.Eliza: I can’t, I’m so tired. I’m so tired.Pickering: Oh, for heaven’s sake, Higgins.It must be three o’clock in the morning. Do be reasonable.Higgins (rising): I’m always reasonable. Eliza, if I can go on with this terribleheadache, you can.25 Eliza: I have a headache, too. I have been working since morning.Higgins: Eliza, I know you are tired, I know your head aches. I know your nervesare as a raw meat in a butcher’s window. But I think what you’re trying to overcome.(He sits next to her on the sofa.) Think what you’re dealing with. The majesty andgreatness of the English language. It’s the greatest treasure we have. The noblestfeelings that ever filled the hearts of men are contained in30 its magic and musical mixture 2 of sounds. That’s what you’ve set yourself toconquer, Eliza, and conquer it you will. Now, try it again.Eliza (slowly): The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.Higgins (standing up): What was that?Eliza: The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.35 Higgins (rising, unbelievably): Again.Eliza: The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.Higgins (to Pickering): I think she’s got it! Think she’s got it!Eliza: The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.Higgins: By George 3 , she’s got it!40 By George, she’s got it!(Joy and victory.)Comprehension1. Give a title to the passage.2. What is the ending of the play to your mind?3 What words do the pronouns stand for?Them (line 3), we (line 4), this (line 5), one (line 11), its (line 30).4. What impression do you have of: Henry Higgins, Pickering, Eliza Doolittle?1 Eliza says [ai] instead of [ei] in all the words2 mixture [´mikstÈÀ] ¬ ˳éÝáõñ¹3 By George! [baI dÉÁ:dÉ]- ë³ï³Ý³Ý ï³ÝÇ:7

<strong>Focus</strong> on Phonetics1. Mind your sounds. Listen and repeat. Make the sound [aI] weaker tothe end.Ñ³Û high Ñáï hotµ³Û buy ϳà cutµáÛ boy ÙÇë missÙ³Ûà might µ³Ý bunɳÛÝ line ѳÝÇ honeyÃ»É tale Ù³ÝÇ money2. Read the phrases.eI Make haste. iÀ Somewhere near here.aI Time flies. ÄÀ It’s late to tear your hair.OI Boys will be boys. uÀ For sure.aU Without doubt. ou No go.Work on wordsface [´feis] v Turn round and face me. Which way does your house face?It faces south. Syn.: overlook, look out on.next to [´nekst] prep Come and sit down next to me. During the film the man whonoble [´noubl] adjwas sitting next to me laughed all the time. Syn.: beside.Everybody believed him because he was a noble man.Mamikonian remained in the history of Armenia a noble hero.magic [´mÊdÉik] adj Children are fond of tales where magic words can do everything.The magic sounds of music always calmed him down. Hermagic eyes and golden hair attracted everybody.proper [2prÁp@] adjplain [´plein] nreason [´ri:zn] nThat’s not a proper thing to do in public. Are you doing thejob in the proper way? properly adv: Are you sure he behavesproperly? Have you looked for your book properly?We watched the wide plains of Russia from the plane.There is no reason in your decision. reasonable [´ri:znÀbl] adjYou are not reasonable if you want to buy the coat at such aprice.overcome [´oU@köm] v to succed in solving a problem: He overcame his difficultiesto graduate with the first class degree. You could see that childovercome his fear.1. Match the words in column A with their meaning in column B.A. proper B. to turn the face to, to look onproperlycoming immediately after8

1. Find adjectives which go with the following nouns.weather advice situationplay actor appearancewatch film child<strong>Focus</strong> on words. Theatre1. Arranging words. Arrange the words connected with a. the theatre b.performance c. impressions of the play.a full house, a musical, cast, clap; act well, the sets, first night, curtains, stage,direction, costumes, give a performance, to applaud, to be a success, to break intoapplause2. Words in useDescribing a performanceWe went to see the production of Pygmalion last night. The sets were realistic, thecostumes were wonderful. It was a good cast. I thought the direction was excellent.Martens gave a remarkable performance. The house was full. The performance was agreat success.Tell your impressions of a performance.<strong>Focus</strong> on functionHesitatinga. Sometimes you need to think while speaking. In such cases you canuse repetition or fillers such aswell/let me see/ ... er …/you knowb. People talkAnn: Miss Jane, during the holidays I was in London and …er… sometimes Icouldn’t understand a word of English when some people spoke.Miss Jane: Well, maybe you heard Cockney, Ann. London in fact is the home ofBritain’s most famous dialect, Cockney. You see, speaking in that accentis not proper for educated people. If you speak a local accent or Cockney,you will not be given good jobs.Ann: Oh, yes. I’ve seen a film with Audrey Hepburn starring as a simple flowergirl who was turned into a lady by her teacher after he had taught her goodlanguage and manners.10

Miss Jane: Let me see. You’re speaking about George Bernard Shaw’s famous playPygmalion. We can read the book or see the film if you like.c. Work in pairs. Discuss a popular performance which you have seenusing the fillers if necessary.<strong>Focus</strong> on GrammarRevisionMixed tenses1. Identify the tenses and then match them with the explanation of their uses.1. She will be taking the children from school, as usual.2. A child learns many different kinds of skills at school.3. Bill Gates has become the world’s most famous computer engineer.4. I had been reading the report before I went to bed.5. By 2015 they will have been working at the theatre for twenty years.6. The language course starts on the 25th of June.a. general truthb. timetable, programmec. action in progress at a stated future timed changes that have happenede. duration of an action started un the past and continuing up to a certain period inthe pastf. action which will be finished before a stated future time2. Explain the difference in meaning between the sentences.1. a. Have you read Oliver Twist. .b. Have you been reading Oliver Twist?2. a. We arrived at the hotel early in the morning.b. We had arrived at the hotel before the demonstration began.3. a. Maria went out when George rang up.b. Maria had gone out when George rang up.c. Maria was going out when George rang up.4. a. I had read the report before I went to bedb. I had been reading the report until she came back from the teatre.5. a. This time next summer we will be taking our entrance exams.b. By next July we will have passed our entrance exams.11

3. Match the clauses in list A with the clauses in list B to formsentences.AB1. A lot of cinemas have closed a. while I slept.2. He began to draw b. when you have finished eating.3. It is the first time c. after he had graduated from college.4. Whatever she does d. that is why her eyes are so red.5. She had already returned e. this time next year.6. She will be travelling in Europe f. by the time we got home.7. She has been watching TV the whole day g. she does well.8. He went to work to his native village h. she has returned home so late.9. Can you wash the dishes i. when he was still a child.10. She was tidying up the flat j. since video first appeared.11. Even if you leave at once k. you won’t be there in time.4. Choose the right answer.1. Who cooks/is cooking/has been cooking/cooked food in your family when yourMom is away?2. Where is John? - He repairs/is repairing/has repaired/repaired his car in thegarage.3. Anna is my best friend. I know/have known/had known/knew her for twenty-fiveyears.4. My son had a great time at the summer camp last year. They did/were doing/haddone/had been doing a lot of interesting things there.5. She cleaned/was cleaning/has cleaned/has been cleaning the living room when sheheard a strange noise in the kitchen.5. Correct the mistakes.1. By the time the police get there, the burglars will disappear.2. When you will grow older, you will change your mind about it.3. I won leave until you will give me some money.4. I go swimming next Sunday. Would you like to join me?5. By the time we get to Helen’s house she will leave.6. Translate into English using the proper tenses.1. ÆÝãáõ± ¹áõ ÇÝÓ ³ÝóÛ³É ï³ñí³ÝÇó Ý³Ù³Ï ã»ë ·ñ»É:2. ºñ»Ï ³ÙµáÕç ûñÁ ³ÝÓñ¨áõÙ ¿ñ, ¨ »ë ëïÇåí³Í ¿Ç ÙÝ³É ï³ÝÁ:3. àñï»±Õ ¿ ݳ ³ß˳ïáõÙ:– â·Çï»Ù, ݳ ÇÝÓ áãÇÝã ãÇ ³ë»É ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ:4. ²é³íáïí³ÝÇó áñ¨¿ µ³Ý Ï»ñ»±É »ë:5. Ðáõëáí »Ù ã¿ù Ùáé³ó»É ²ÝݳÛÇÝ:12

7. Which of the following questions are grammatically correct?1. a. Did he tell you where would be taken the tourists?b. Did he tell you where the tourists would be taken?c. Did he tell you where would the tourists be taken?d. Did he tell you where would be the tourists taken?2. Do you know when Mr Brown arrived?a. Do you know when Mr Brown arrived?b. Do you know when did Mr Brown arrived?c. Do you know when arrived Mr Brown?d. Do you know Mr Brown when arrived?3. a. Do you remember how many were there reporters at the meeting yesterday?b. Do you remember how many reporters there were at the meeting yesterday?c. Do you remember how many reporters were there at the meeting yesterday?d. Do you remember how many reporters yesterday were at the meeting?Culture checkWhen is a question not a question?How do you do?Though it ends in a question mark, it is not a question but a greeting. The correctanswer is to repeat the same question “How do you do?”How are you?It is not a question and when asked “How are you?” you shouldn’t give a longdescription of your health. A simple “Fine, thanks” is all they wish to hear.“Could you pass the salt?” is not a question but a request. Everybody will besurprised if you answer, “Yes, I could.”13

UNIT 2 The spread of EnglishBefore you read1. Which is which? picOne is an enormous land, where only twenty million people live – and the other istwo long, narrow islands, with ten sheep for every person. One country has the biggestrock in all the world, and a town where everybody lives under the grounds; the otherhas a beach where you can seat in a pool of hot water, and lakes that are bright yellow,green and blue.Australia and New Zealand1. Where is Australia/New Zealand situated?2. What oceans are they situated on?3.Who was Australia discovered by?4. What is the capital of Australia/New Zealand?5. What is the population of Australia/New Zealand?6. Which is the largest city/the cultural capital o of Australia/New Zealand?7. Is Australia/New Zealand a developed country?8. What can you tell abouta. the location, b. the population, c. the economy and industry,d. culture and sport, etc. of Canada?Read the text and answer the questions.Australia is the world’s smallest continent and sixth largest country by total area.Its population is over 22 million. It is a developed country and has excellent results inhealth care, quality of life, public education, economic freedom and the protection ofpolitical rights. Australian cities rank among the world’s highest in quality of life.The landscapes of the northern part of the country, with a tropical climate, consistof rainforest, woodland, grassland, swamps, and desert. Only the south-east and southwestcorners of the continent have a temperate climate.Australia’s biota is rich. The koala, the kangaroo and the eucalyptus form Australianicons. Today many species are threatened by human activities.Australia is a multicultural country. Australian actors, such as Nicole Kidman,Geoffrey Rush, Russell Crow and many others are popular all over the world. Australiahas strong international teams in cricket, soccer / football, field hockey, rugby, andperforms well in cycling, rowing and swimming.Auckland, New Zealand’s most populous city.The endemic flightless kiwi is a national icon.14

New Zealand consists of two islands in the south-western Pacific Ocean (commonlycalled the North Island and the South Island), and numerous smaller islands. It is situatedabout 1250 miles southeast of Australia across the Tasman Sea. New Zealand faunais rich in birds, a number of which became extinct after the arrival of humans. NewZealand is a developed country with a relatively high standard of living. Its cities alsorank among the world’s most livable. Elizabeth II, as the Queen of New Zealand, is thecountry’s head of state but she has no real political influence, and her position is symbolic.Political power is held by the democratically elected Parliament of New Zealand underthe leadership of the Prime Minister. New Zealand has a modern, developed economy.Its principal export industries are agriculture, horticulture and fishing .picKanata meaning “village” or “settlement”. The fur trade was Canada’s mostimportant industry until the 19th century.CanadaCanada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending fromthe Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into theArctic Ocean. It is the world’s second largest country by total area and its commonborder with the United States is the longest in the world. It consists of eight distinctforest regions, including extensive boreal forests. The vastness and variety of Canada’sgeography have given rise to a wide variety of climates throughout the country. Winterscan be harsh in many regions of the country; daily average temperatures are near −15 °C(5 °F) but can drop below −40 °C. Because of its vast size, Canada has more lakesthan any other country. These lakes contain much of the world’s fresh water. It is alsogeologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, such asMount Meager.Canada is a federation consisting of ten provinces and three territories, it is governedas a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II asits head of state. It is a bilingual and multicultural country, with both English and Frenchas official languages.One of the world’s highly developed countries, Canada has an advanced economyand abundant natural resources. It has vast offshore deposits of natural gas, and largeoil and gas resources. Particularly important industries are automobiles and aeronautics.It is one of the world’s most important suppliers of agricultural products; such is wheatand other grains. It is one of the world’s top ten trading nations, in which the loggingand petroleum industries are two of the most important.Its total population is more than 31million. It is a member of the G8, G-20, NATO,WTO, Commonwealth, UN.Canadian culture has historically been influenced by British, French, and Aboriginal 1cultures and traditions. It has also been greatly influenced by immigration from allover the world. Canada’s official national sports are hockey in the winter. Hockey is anational pastime and the most popular spectator sport in the country. It is also the sportmost played by the Canadians, with 1.65 million participants in 2004.1 aboriginal [ 2{b@2rIdZ@nl] existing in a region from earlist times15

Canada has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, includingthe 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal,the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, andthe 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup.Canada is the host nation for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler,British Columbia.WORK ON WORDSlandscape n an area of land that is beautiful to look at: The house is set in a[2l{ndskeIp] beautiful landscape of rolling hills.unique adj unlike anything else, being the only one of its type: You will be[ju:2ni:k] given the unique opporunity to study at one of the best Universitiesof Europe. Each persons DNA is unique. She has a unique voice.prosperous adj rich and successful: The northern cities of the country are more[2prÁsp@r@s] prosperous as compared with the southern ones: a prosperous/country/iconomy/industry. prosperity n, to prosper vsociety n high/democratic/multicultural society. Society must support its[s@ 2saI@tI] elderly people.standard of living quality, a level of comfort and wealth: They have/enjoy a high[2st{nd@d] standard of living.consistent adj not changing in behaviour, quality, etc., following the same[k@n 2sIst@nt] manner: You are not very consistent: fi rst you agree with and thenyou degree without any reason.quality n 1. the guality of sth is how good or how bad it is high/good/top/[2kwÁlItI] poor/low quality:The food in this shop is of the highest quality. 2. a feature of aperson’s character, especially positive personal /leadershipqualities:.What is the quality you like most of all in a person?quality and quantity ( a certain amount of sth): They check boththe quality and quantity of materials used.supply v (with) to give sb sth that is needed or useful): Her parents supplied[s@ 2plaI] her with cash while she studied. Syn: provide ( with)Words not to be confusedvast adj[va:st]huge adjenormous adjvery large in area, size, quantity or degree. a vast territory / crowdvery large in size or amount: It was a huge castle facing the sea. ahuge crowd, a huge appetite, huge debts/profits: A huge crowd wasstanding in front of them blocking the road.very big. The enormous birthday cake attracted everybody’s attentionan enormous house, enormous interests16

1. Complete the sentences with the words from the prosper-family.prosper 1. The economic development gave them hope for a more ….future.prosperous 2. It was a time of national … .prosperity 3. Their business continued to … .2. Insert the words changing their forms if necessary.qualitiy, society, vast, enormous, huge, supply1. Never forget that we live in a multicultural … .2. Do you have all the … to become a teacher?3. She was a woman with strong leadership … .4. The office will … us with all the necessary information.5. They keep us … with milk and eggs.6. The family knew he had … debts but he didn’t accept it.7. They spent an enormous … of money on that project.8. In front of them lay a … territory.FOCUS ON WORDS1. Arrange the words to remember them better.Quality of life Economic freedom Political freedompublic health care ... ...... ... ...education, the protection of political rights, human development, life expectancy,literacy, public education, peace, prosperity, ease of doing business, lack of corruption,press freedom, the protection of civil liberties and political rights2. Words in usea. The City to Live in. Read the text and answer the questions.1. What is the city of Vancouver famous for?2. Do you know anything about the history of the city?3. Where is it located?4. What is the weather and climate like in Canada?17

Rank Name Province Pop.1 Toronto Ontario 5,113,149Toronto2 Montreal Quebec 3,635,571Montreal3 Vancouver BritishColumbia2,116,581VancouverOttawa4 Ottawa–Gatineau Ontario–Quebec1,130,761CalgaryCalgary Alberta 1,079,310Vancouver is a busy port and a tourist centre. It is situated on a peninsula. It issurrounded by the Pacific Ocean on three sides. On the other side of the city aremountains. It is a multiracial town with a large population of Chinese, Indians,Philipinos and others. The city is named after a British naval captain, GeorgeVancouver.The climate is mild. The temperature rarely goes above 22 O in summer. The wintersare mild and wet. The city is famous for its scenery. It has more than 180 parks,including the famous Stanley Park. The city is surrounded by mountains and snowcappedmountains. Sports include skiing, hiking, cycling and boating. The mostinteresting sights – Gas town, Chinatown, English Bay, Vancouver harbour and RobsonStreet. It is the main shopping street. If you want to get a panoramic view of Vancouveryou can go to the Lookout – a viewing platform at the top of the Harbour CentreTower.YOUR TURNWhat makes a city a comfortable place? Speak abouta. transportb. educationc. safetyd. recreatione. climatef. political situationg. airh. greeni. economic situation and jobs18

DID YOU KNOWTOP TEN CITIES• The highest scores haveVancouver, CanadaMelbourne, AustraliaVienna, AustriaGeneva, SwitserlandPerth, AustraliaToronto, CanadaCalgary, Canada….• The most difficult and dangerous conditionsKarachi, PakistanDhaka, Bangladesh• In the middle – big cosmopolitan cities with their transport and crime problems.Tokyo /21/ , Paris /32/, London /44/, New-York /52/.MYTHS AND LEGENDSBefore you readStudy SkillHow to read and understand a text.The title. Before you read the whole text, read the title and the first few sentences. Makepredictions about the text:What kind of text is it? - a story? a passage from a novel? an ad? a newspaper article?The topic:What is it about?The information:Writer’s opinion:What information will it give?You can usually find out the writer’s opinion if you readcarefully.A topic sentence tells you what a paragraph is about. It is usually the first sentence in aparagraph. It is important to identify topic sentences. They help you read and understanda text more quickly.Meaning and context. Many words have several meanings. Make sure you use thecorrect meaning. Sometimes you can guess the meaning of the word from the wordsaround it, that is the context.It is also very helpful to guess what part of speech the word belongs to.It is wrong to learn a word alone. It is much more helpful to learn them with their friends19

- collocations, the words that go with it: traffi c- traffi c jam, traffi c lights.Understanding, what words pronouns refer to, helps you catch the meaning of the wholetext, connect it into one whole. Using pronouns makes a text more connected.What We Need Is A Heroepic a lengthy narrative poem about heroic deeds and events significant to a nation.Scientists argue that classical epics were mainly an oral poetic form.Read the text and answer the questions.1. What is an epic poem?2. What are they about?3. What famous epic poems do you know?4. What Armenian epic poem do you know?BackgroundBeowulf is a narrative heroic epic of an unknown author, dating from between the8 th and the early 11th century, set in Denmark and Sweden. Many of its charactersbelong to the Germanic tradition preserved through the oral traditions of the minstrels.It is the greatest poem in Old English, the story of loyalty, battle and glory.ContextKing Hrothgar, builds the Danes a great hall called Heorot. However, the noisedisturbs and enrages the monstrous Grendel, who attacks the king’s hall and kills nearlyall of the people there. Heorot is invaded by Grendel, a half-human monster who is hatedby God. The Danes are helpless against these attacks until the hero Beowulf arrives toaid them. Beowulf battles the monster, and mortally wounds Grendel by breaking hisarm off. Grendel crawls back to his cave and later dies in his mother’s arms.Grendel’s mother then comes to revenge her son. Beowulf and Hrothgar chase herto a lake, where Beowulf fights Grendel’s mother in her hall at the bottom of the lake.Beowulf almost loses, but with the aid of God he eventually wins the battle. He islavishly rewarded and returns to his own land.The poem then jumps fifty years into the future when Beowulf is in old age andking of the Geats. He then fights his last battle against a dragon that is guardian of acursed treasure. He tries to fight the dragon alone, but can only defeat it with the aidof a younger relative, Wiglaf. The dragon is killed in the final battle. Beowulf is fatallywounded and the old king passes away while gazing on the cursed treasure. The death ofBeowulf marks the decline of the Geats. The poem ends in mourning for both Beowulfand his nation.ContextBeowulf is the first English poem written down in the Anglo-Saxon languagebetween 800 and 900 AD. The characters of the poem are Scandinavians and German,which shows that it was an old tale brought to Britain by the Anglo-Saxons. Beowulf, a20

ior, kills a terrible man-eater monster and then kills the monster’s mother and a dragon.The dragon is the of the hero’s death.They returned from the sea, joyful and happy. They talked about the fame ofBeowulf that in the world there was not warrior, than him. Then a famous bard asong about the killing of Grendel. Thus many songs and stories helped to spreadBeowulf’s fame everywhere.Now the king with his warriors and thanes entered the great banquet hall. The kinggreeted Beowulf and him and said;“We have suffered a lot from Grendel. Now that you, Beowulf, the best of men,have done that all of us could not do, I wish to take you into my heart as a son. I havealready decided that all you wish you will have. Your family will live forever becauseof your deeds.”Beowulf was glad to hear such words from Hrothgar and embraced the king. NowHrothgar gave the order to clean the beautiful banquet hall, for almost every thing in itexcept the ceiling was broken and destroyed. When the hall was again clean, there wasa great feast; Beowulf sat between the two sons of Hrothgar, at the head of the tablenear the king and queen. The king and queen gave many gifts to Beowulf, beautifulhorses and weapons and armour with precious jewels. Hrothgar did not forget Beowulf’swarriors either, and gave each of them a valuable reward for their loyalty and courage.The feasting stopped for a few moments to honour the memory of the warrior killed byGrendel.They did not leave the hall when it became dark, for now they had nothing to fear.Soon there was music and singing and feasting far into the night. At dawn whenHrothgar and the queen went to their own he left a strong guard of warriors at the hall.They cleared away all the benches and tables and made beds on the floor for all. At thehead of each bed was each warrior’s shield and armour and weapons. They were readyfor battle at any moment; but everything was peaceful for the first time in many yearsand everybody slept well.In two days Beowulf prepared to return to his native land with his warriors. Therehe became the king of his people when his father died, and ruled the kingdom of theGoths for many years. During that time he performed many great deeds.PROPER NAMES:BeowulfHrothgarGeatsGrendelHeorot[2beI@wUlf][2rÁTg@][dZI:ts][2grend@l][2hE@rOt]21

Comprehension1. Describe a. Grendel, b. Hrothgar, c. Beowulf2. Find synonyms in the text.devoted, may be, powerful, help, braveness, important, valuable, soldier, whole3. Now retell the text using the new words.Work on wordsrevenge n punish sb because they have hurt you or sb else: He wanted revenge[rI 2vendZ] for the trouble he had caused to his family. take revenge on: Thevillagers decided to take revenge on the enemy. have your revenge on:He was determined to have his revenge on her one day.significant adj 1. very large: A signifi cant number of people didn’t vote. 2. very[sIgnIfIk@nt] important: He is one of the most signifi cant musicians of the century.significance: I do not think that this case is really of great signifi cance.I didn’t realise the true signifi cance of this event. Ant.: insignificantpreserve v 1. to take care of sth not to harm or destroy it: We work to preserve[prI:2z@:v] historic buildings. She is well preserved. All his paintings werepreserved. 2. to keep food fresh for a long time: She liked to preservefood for winter .aid n 1. help that a government or organization gives to people who need it:[eId] financial aid: She came quickly to his aid. The work would be impossiblewithout the aid of the computer. On hearing about the earthquake theycollected money in aid of the people. food/humanitarian/medical aid.2. a thing that helps: hearing and teaching aidsdawn n the time of the day when light first appears. At dawn: We must start at[dO:n] dawn. He works from dawn till dusk. Dawn broke over the small town.Syn: daybreakwound v He was wounded in the leg. wound n:The surgeon said that the wound[wu:nd] was not very serious.make a vow She made a vow never to speak to him again. They made a vow to[vaU] revenge on their sister.Words not to be confusedclean v remove the dirt: At the moment Paul is cleaning a car. She has cleanedthe house from top to bottom. I was cleaning all morning. clean up to make a placecompletely clean: Let’s start making the place completely clean.clear away 1.empty a place: The muddy water slowly cleared. 2 improve (aboutthe weather), clear up: If the weather clears up the clouds or rain go away 3.remove:clear sth away to remove sth in order to make the place tidy: A young woman clearedaway the empty cups. clear up solve a problem or a mystery: Nobody expected that themystery would be cleared up so soon.22

1. Insert the words1. The sky … after the storm.2. It was a fine day once the mist … .3. Please, … the mess in her.4. She …. the dishes and sat down to work.5. She spent all day cooking and … .6. This floor … easily.7. They … the place before they left.2. Insert the words from the text:dealing with, defence, invaders, widely known, finally, composed, popularity, entireArmenian folk epicArmenian folk epic…. the adventures of the Christian king David of Sassun in his… against the …. from Egypt and Persia. The epic was based on oral tradition thatpresumably dates from the 8th to the 10th century; it was … from the 16th through the19th century and was … written down in 1873. It is … in poetic and arranged intorhyme groups. David of Sassun is actually the name of only one of the four acts, butdue to the … of the character, the … epic is known to the public as David of Sassun.The epic’s full name is Sasna Tsrer (The Daredevils of Sassun).pic.Write onThe statue of David of Sassun in Fresno, CaliforniaThe statue of David of Sassun in YerevanGive a short summary of the story.Begin like this:Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes,whose great hall, Heorot, is attacked by the monster Grendel. Beowulf kills both Grendeland Grendel’s mother, the latter with a magical sword.<strong>Focus</strong> on GrammarRevisionNOUN:Possessive caseWhen sth belongs to, or relates to, sb or sth else, we use the possessive (‘s) to talk abouta. animate things: the committee’s decision, the goat’s milkb. places: London’s biggest cinemac. time: yesterday’s newspaperd. If there is a number in the expression, use two nouns: a forty-minute lessone. shops: the butcher’s23

The possessive with of means the same as the possessive with ’s but we use it to talk about:a. expressions of quantity: a loaf of breadb. full containers: a cup of coffeec. inanimate things: the roof of the house,Don’t use ‘s when talking about types of things: I must buy some cat food (made for cats)1. Use the nouns in the correct form.1. On his way home he always buys newspapers and magazines from …/ newsagent/2. He decided to check …/ boot/ car/.3. He bought … bar/ chocolate/ for little Annie.4. When will you give me … /next week’s timetable/.5. On the table he noticed …/ wine/ bottle and /coffee/ cup/.6. Something was wrong …/ car/ door/.7. … / ten/minute/ wait seemed very long to him.8. There is a black file in … /desk/drawer/.Explanation: Noun NumberSome words ending in -s can be both singular and pluralmeans: a means of transport - many means of transportseries a television series many television seriesspecies a species of birds many species of birds2. Complete the sentences using one of these words: means, series,species.1. A … is a group of animals or plants that have the same characteristics.2. A bicycle is a … of transport.3. The bicycle and the car are … of transport4. ...She is writing a … of articles on the ecological state of the region.5. There are a lot of American TV … shown on Armenian TV6. When we were walking on the island we saw many … of bird.Mixed Tenses3. Choose the correct answer.1. Mr. Smith, could I leave at 5:30 today? I go/am going/will go/will be going to theconcert.2. By the time you leave, you spend/will spend/have spent/will have spent nine dayshere.3. I am waiting/have been waiting/was waiting/had been waiting for you since threeo’clock!24

7. Fill in the blanks with the best choice.Young Canadian writers often came to the famous humorist Stephen Leacock toask him to tell them the secret of his success so that they... (1)... become famous too....(2) ... most of these young people had little or no talent, but all of them had highhopes. ... (3) ... answer to the question, Leacock told them: “It isn’t at all difficult towrite funny stories. All you need is a pen and paper; you sit down and write whatevercomes into your head.”And when the future author agreed ... (5) ... him, he continued: “Yes, it isn’t difficultto write. ... (6)... only difficulty is to make something come into your head.1. a. had b. could c. should d. can2. a. the b. a c. - d. an3. a. in b. for c. at d. with4. a. could b. had to c. should d. used to5. a. for b. with c. to d. without6. a. the b. a c. - d. anText Comprehension8. Fit paragraphs a, b, c, d into the gaps in the text.a. The rain showed no sign of stopping though the sun was shining brightly. I wasthrough with my lunch, read a newspaper, and yet the rain wouldn’t stop.b. I walked a few steps in a hurry and then stopped in surprise. There was no rain!c. Passing by one of the numerous pubs I felt like drinking some coffee and enteredthe Gold Bar.d. Presently I finished my coffee and was about to leave the bar when it began torain. I waited a few minutes, but the rain didn’t stop.The other day I happened to finish work earlier than usual. The weather wascharming and I decided to take a walk.1It was an ordinary bar. Several men and women were sitting at the tables havingtheir lunch, others were standing at the bar, drinking beer or coffee. I took a seat andordered some beer.2I couldn’t go out – I had no umbrella or raincoat with me – so I changed my mindand ordered lunch. I noticed that many people did likewise. So the waiter had plenty ofwork to do.3It was beginning to get on my nerves. I saw it was no use waiting any longer, so Iwent out.26

4Just a few yards from the front door of the bar there was a woman comfortablyseated on a chair watering the pavement in front of the bar.PresentationRead the text and answer the questions.My Heart is in the HighlandspicLocationThe Republic of Armenia lies in the north-eastern part of the Armenian plateaubetween the Caucasus and Asia Minor. In the north and east it borders upon the Republicof Georgia and Azerbaijan, in the west and south upon Turkey and Iran.Armenia occupies about 29,000 kilometres. It is a mountainous country. The highestpoint in the Republic is Aragats (4.090 m).The country is covered by small rivers and streams. The longest rivers are the Araksand the Hrazdan. There are also a few mountainous lakes in Armenia, the largest ofwhich is the Sevan, one of the most beautiful Alpine lakes in the world.The north-eastern and northern parts are rich in forests. There are a lot of wondersof nature, picturesque places with sweeping panoramas in Lori, Dilijan, Stepanavan,etc. The republic’s fauna includes deer, bear, fox, wolf and other animals. There aremore than 80 species of birds in Armenia.History: past and presentArmenia is an ancient country. It has a history that begins 3,000 years ago. Situatedat the crossroads, Armenia always attracted the attention of its powerful neighbours. Ithad a long and eventful history, surviving through many dramatic days. In its constantand unequal fight it lost the greatest part of its territory and its independence. Bit evenunder the worst conditions it has never lost its language, culture, religion and a wish tocreate. This tragic experience was expressed in the epic poem David of Sassun.Armenia became the first Christian state in the history of the world in 301 AD.At the beginning of the XX century Armenia suffered one of its worst days. Morethan two million west Armenians were massacred by the Turkish government.In 1918 Armenia declared itself independent but it lasted only until 1922 when thecountry became part of the USSR.On September 21, 1991 Armenia proclaimed independence. Today it is developingits sovereign and democratic institutions. The head of state is the president elected bydirect popular vote. The president has the power to appoint the Prime Minister whoselects government ministers. The highest legislative body is the parliament. Every fiveyears general presidential and parliamentary elections are held on the multicandidatebasis.27

The country is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). In1992 it became a member of the United Nations Organisation (UNO).Economics. Traditionally Armenian industry is built on manufacturing, mining(gold, silver), chemical industry and metallurgy. Electrical engines, machine tools,chemical products are the main manufactured goods.Agriculture is the second largest sector of the Armenian economy. It produceswheat, tobacco, vegetables and fruits. Armenian wines and cognac are famous all overthe world.The Armenian national currency is the dram introduced in 1993.The government is trying to develop tourism in Armenia, because it has beautifulnature, ancient and authentic architecture and very hospitable people.Population. There are three million people living in the Republic and there are morethan five million Armenians abroad: a million in Russia, a million in the US, 400,000in France, etc. Many of the Armenians living abroad try to preserve their customs andlanguage.Culture and science. Two great historical events were very important for thedevelopment of Armenian culture: the adoption of Christianity in 301 as a state religionand the creation of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots in the fifth century.The Armenians best expressed themselves in philosophy, poetry, mathematics, musicand architecture. Armenian architectural structures, especially churches, monasteriesand cathedrals, are austere and beautiful. They are located in places with wonderfulscenery and show great love of the Armenians for Christian God.Answer the questions.1. What kind of country is Armenia geographically?2. Where is it situated/?3. What are the icons of Armenia?4. What lakes and rivers are there in Armenia?5. Which is the highest mountain in Armenia?6. What is the political system of the country?7. When is the Independence Day celebrated in Armenia?8. Is Armenia a member of UNO? WTO?9. What famous people present the country?<strong>Focus</strong> on GrammarRevisionAdjectives• Degrees of Comparison1. Come to Armenia! Underline five adjectives and write down theirdegrees of comparison.Armenia! Land of big smiles and friendly faces, of blue skies and magnificent28

mountains! One day the ancient temple of Garni, the next - the bright colours of LakeSevan!There is so much to see and do! Ancient culture, the beautiful architecture of cosyold churches, impressive crosstones, tasty barbecues and herbs … Once you visitArmenia, you will want to return again and again. The country has magic. The peoplewelcome you, the mountains call you, the variety of food and drink surprises you.And you will enjoy the exciting view of Mt. Ararat which will remind you ofNoah’s Ark 1 .• Adjectives after verbsWhen used with an adjective or participle the verbs get, grow and turn mean “tobecome”:be: well. healty angry, etc.get: worried, lost, married, fired, tired, angry, ready, better, dark, etc.grow: old, tall, small, etc.turn: red, pale, yellow, etc.• There are some adjectives which do not usually come before the noun:afraid alone glad readyalive apart sure unableable ill sorry well (³éáÕç)2. Choose the right word.1. You shouldn’t go there lonely/alone.2. The sick/ill child looked pale and sad.3. She prefers ready/ready-made clothes.4. The frightened/afraid woman refused to go back at that late hour.5. The asleep/sleeping child was the real image of his father.6. The glad/happy child was playing with a new toy.7. They were sleeping in apart/separate rooms.8. The doctor says the child feels well/good.3. Complete the sentences below using adjectives.1. My mother has been ill for a long time but now she’s ... .2. When he saw the wolf, he ... pale.3. When he can’t find what he needs, he always ––.4. If you are late again, I’ll get ... with you.5. It ... dark when we approached the village.6. The autumn came and the leaves ... yellow and red.7. They had no guide and –– in the city.1 Noah’s Ark [´nouÀz´a:k] - ÜáÛ³Ý ï³å³Ý29

UNIT 3English as a worldLanguageFact FileAbout 35% of the world’s mail, telexes, and cables are in English.Approximately 40% of the world’s radio programs are in English.About 50% of all Internet traffic uses English.Before you read1. What languages do you speak?2. How well do you speak them?3. What foreign languages would you like to speak?4. Who learns your language abroad?Going GlobalArmenia is an independent country open to the world today. In new conditionspolitical, economic, cultural and educational exchanges become usual. As we head intothe new century, a fluent command of foreign languages becomes necessary. TheArmenians have a great advantage of being bilingual as many of us speak Armenianand Russian. Some of us get by in Persian, Turkish, Greek and Georgian, the languagesof our close neighbours. Educated people also speak European languages. Today it isvery important to master them, especially English, which has become a worldlanguage.It is the official voice of air, sea and space. It is the language of business andscience, sport and culture. It is enough to mention that half of the world’s scientificliterature is written in English to understand how important it is to be good at English.So if you want to contact with foreigners, to know international trade, science andart, to use this information to the benefit 1 of your own country, a knowledge of Englishobtained at school must be only a start for you. It is important to find a good way tolearn. Here are some instructions for you to start with.Listen to the radio!Watch films!Read newspapers!Making mistakes is natural.Relax, it will be easier to speak!Learn from your mistakes and have fun!Don’t worry about every word you don’t know the meaning of! Guess it!1 benefit [´benifit] - û·áõï30

Remember: the teacher can only help you to learn the language, but he or she can’tlearn it for you.Your turnAre these hints useful to you?Which of them do you use?What have you found most difficult in learning English?Useful languageI speak Armenian like a native speaker.don’t know a word of Russian well enough to take part in a discussion.Arabic enough for shops and hotels.Turkish just a little.GeorgianFrenchSpanishI think grammar is hard to learn …vocabulary is quite easy …pronunciation is the greatest problem …spelling<strong>Focus</strong> on Words. Languages1. Collecting words. Collect words related to languages.with - ish: Turkish Polish …with - (i)an: Russian Italian …with - ese: Chinese Vietnamese …with - ic: Arabic …Remember: French, Dutch, Czech, Greek.<strong>Focus</strong> on PhoneticsArmenia - Armenian Italy - Italian Spain - SpanishRussia - Russian Hungary - Hungarian Greece - GreekChina - Chinese Japan - Japanese France - French2. Arrange the words associated with languages in your own way.read silently speak a language to mastercopy out speak with an accent to have a good command ofspeak up to be good at synonymletter a native speaker to look up in the dictionaryalphabet make a mistake translate from … into …31

look throughpronunciationimprovespeak fluentlyspellingput down3. Words in use.a. What languages do they speak?Example: A Spaniard speaks Spanish.a Dane, the Arabs, an Armeniana Greek, a Dutchman, the Czechsb. Heinrich Schliemann. Insert the words making the necessary changes.Example: Holland - DutchPortugal - Portuguesepolyglot [´pÁliglÁt] n a person knowing, using many languages; comes from Greekpoly - many and glot - tongue.Heinrich Schliemann was the famous archaeologist who discovered Troy. Hetaught himself to speak and write English, (France), (Holland), (Spain), (Italy) and(Portugal) in two years. After that he taught himself (Russia) in six weeks; later helearnt (Sweden), (Poland), Latin, (Arabia), (Greece). He was a polyglot which meanthe could speak many different languages. He is the only person who could speak 32languages.c. Learning languages. Fill the gaps with the verbs given below.practise revise accent guessimprove correct listen read1. If you want to understand English better, you should ––– to the radio?2. He spoke with a very strong French –––– so I couldn’t understand him.3. If you aren’t sure about the meaning of a word, you should try to ––– it.4. If you make a grammar mistake, ––– the rule in order to ––– yourself.5. If you ––– your English, you will –––– it.6. If you want to know a lot of words, –––– books and newspapers.What other reasons can you think of ?d. Read the text and guess the meaning of the words from the text.The Confusion of Babel 1The Tower of Babel by Pieter Brueghel the Elder (1563). (pic)1 The Confusion of Babel [k@nfju:Zn @v 2beIbl] - ´³µ»ÉáÝÛ³Ý Ë³éݳß÷áÃáõÃÛáõÝ32

Collect answers for each question from the whole class. Then write a paragraphsaying why people in your class are learning English.Useful language: all of us, most of us, some of us, a few of us, none of us.Why are you learning English?If you know a foreign language, you can be a translator. You cana. translate science books, important papers, fiction.b. dub films.c. translate conferences.Listen to the poem and recite it.from Akhtamarby Hovhannes ToumanianTranslated by Vladimir RogovOn the dark island burns so brightA piercing luring ray,There’s lit a beacon every nightTo guide him on his way.But certain villains full of spiteAgainst them did conspireAnd on a hellish mirky nightPut out the guiding fire.The luckless lover lost his waveAnd only from afarThe wind is carrying in his wayThe moans of “Ah, Tamar!”And ever since, both near and far,They call the island “Akhtamar”.1. Did you like the translation?2. Can you say what exactly you liked about it?3. Do you know any other translations of poetry?Did you know?The five most widely spoken languages in the worldChinese845 million speakersEnglish400 million speakers34

RussianSpanishHindustani265 million speakers329 million speakers230 million speakersThere are at least 400 million people who speak English as a foreign language.English is the most widely spoken language.English has the largest vocabulary with nearly 500,000 words and 300,000technical terms.The oldest written language is Egyptian, which is 5000 years old.India has the most languages, altogether 845.<strong>Focus</strong> on GrammarRevisionMixed tenses1. Choose the right form.1. Where have you been? Have you played/Have you been playing/Did you playtennis?2. He askes if I joined/shall join/would join them tomorrow at the picnic.3. How many pages of that book have you read/have you been reading?4. Father’s hands were dirty. He had been repairing/have been repairing/repaired thecar?5. What happened to you last night?6. Somebody has broken/broke/has been breaking the window when I was out.2. Read the situations and write two sentences using the words in bracketsin the present perfect or the present perfect progressive.1. John started fishing two hours ago and he is still fishing.a. (fi sh for two hours)b. (catch/much fi sh)2. Tom began fixing the shelves in the morninga. (work since nine o’clock)b. (fi x/two shelves).3. Jane has just come from London. She is travelling round the US. She began her toura month agoa. (travel/for three months)b. (visit/six countries).4. When Mary left college, she began painting.a. (paint/since she left college)b. (paint/ a lot of pictures).35

5. He works in Hollywood as a director.a. (make 20 films/since 1970)b. (make films/since 1979)3. Choose the sentence (a or b) which means the same as the firstsentence.1. We had dinner when Father came.a. Father arrived and then we had dinner.b. We had dinner and then Father arrived.2. I read the book aftet I had seen the film.a. I saw the film and then I read the book.b. I read the book and then I saw the film.3. By the time Ann came home, I had gone to bed.a. I went to bed before Ann came home.b. I went to bed after Ann came home.4. The girls had tidied the flat when the guests arrived.a. The guests arrived and then the girls tidied the flat.b. The girls tidied the house and then the guests arrived.5. They carried the luggage downstairs before the taxi there came.a. They carried the luggage downstairs and then the taxi there came.b. The taxi there came and then they carried the luggage downstairs.Articles4. Correct ten articles in the dialogue.Harry: It’s the lovely day, isn’t it?Ann: That’s an good idea. I’ll just have a look in a kitchen and see what we need.Harry: I got a milk yesterday, so we don’t need any more. We might need a bread,though.Ann: Oh, and the packet of sugar. After shopping, we could go to a new market ina town centre and see what they have.Harry: Right. You get a coat and I’ll get a car keys.Word order5. Put the words in the correct order to make questions.1. up did morning get you time what this?2. did trains last you by when travel?3. how day times you eat many a do?4. there is coffee home any at left?5. you has do he think come why not?36

Correct the mistakes6. Find an extra word.1. This morning my exam results had finally came.2. They haven’t been arrived yet.3. This was the news I have been waiting for it.4. We could not go nowhere because of the rain.5. When they heard the news they started been shouting with joy.6. We woke up at the night because of terrible noise.Correct choce7. Choose the right word.1. Please drive ––.a. careful b. rudely c. clearly d. fast2. He felt very ––– because he didn’t know anyone there.a. angrily b. practical c. lonely d. patient3. –– any opinion, there is too much talk.a. In b. On c. Of d. To4. Don’t worry, there’s –– time. We won’t be late.a. enough b. plenty c. many d. more5. The Tower of London is one of the most –– places to visit while you are inLondon.a. dangerous b. interesting c. noisy d. dirty6. Oh no! I’ve just –– my watch.a. fallen b. hurt c. broke d. broken7. He spoke to me so –– that I got up and left.a. rude b. rudely c. polite d. politely8. Tony was very –– when he heard the bad news.a. impression b. upset c. successful d. punctual9. It all happened many years –––––a. for b. before c. ago d. lastText Comprehension8. Fit paragraphs a, b, c, d into the numbered gaps in the text.a. They were all laughing when they arrived back in the castle. The knight never worehis wig again.b. He didn’t want anyone to see his bald head, so he bought a beautiful, black, curlywig.c. He was riding along singing merrily to himself. When he passed under an oak tree,his wig caught on a branch and fell off.d. “How handsome I look!” he thought to himself as he was dressing in front of themirror. Then he set off happily for the forest.37

Once upon a time there was a knight who, as he grew older, lost all his hair. Hebecame as bold as an egg.1One day some lords and ladies invited himto go hunting with them, so he, of courseput on his beautiful wig.2However, a terrible thing happened.3How they all laughed at him! At first poor king felt very foolish, but then he saw thefunny side of the situation and started laughing , too.4The moral of the story is: when people laugh at you, it is best to laugh with them.Culture CheckBreak a leg!Each language, and often each culture, has special words you can (or even should)say in some cases.“Break a leg!” A strange expression which means only “Good luck” amongAmerican actors. Even stranger is the German expression “Break your neck and yourleg!” used when wishing good luck.What do you say in your language if someone sneezes1? The English say “Blessyou”. Sometimes the expression used in one language will sound quite strange inanother.There are cases when it is useful to know the right words to say in English. Wouldyou say anything to wish your guests a good meal? In many languages you would, butin English you wouldn’t.How should you react to these special phrases? There is a famous story about ahungry American in France who said “Thank you” each time he was offered some food.He didn’t know that at the dinner table it meant ‘No, thanks’. So he finished the mealsurprised and hungry.1 sneeze [sni:z] ÷éßï³É38

Check up 1How good is your English?COMMUNICATION CHECK1. Agree with the following statement.I don’t like getting up early.2. Ask the way to the bus station.3. Refuse the following offer politely.Shall I carry the bag for you?4. Your friend is choosing a T-shirt to buy. Advise him which one to choose.5. Your friend is planning to go camping in the mountains. Tell him not to forget totake warm clothes.6. Your friend apologizes that he couldn’t come to your birthday party. React to hisapology.7. Your friend tells you about his holiday in Brazil. You are in a hurry, interrupt himpolitely.8. Ask your brother to answer the phone while you’re out.9. Invite your friend to look at your family photos.Comprehension Check2. Insert the sentences.Learning Foreign LanguagesIs it necessary to learn foreign languages nowadays? You can just go to the shopand buy an electronic translator. ... (1) ... More and more people come to a thought thatelectronic machine will never be able to replace human brain. All over the world peopleare learning foreign languages. Everybody knows their own language, but another oneis very useful. ... (2) ... .If you know the language of a foreign country, you can talk to its people andunderstand what they say. ... (3) ... We live in the era of high technologies and you canjust enter the Internet to have a talk with your friend from a foreign country.There are more than 2700 languages in the world and some of them are internationalones. English, for example, is spoken not only in the British Isles and the USA, but alsoin other parts of the world. It is considered to be the international language. About 250million people speak it as their mother tongue, and another 200 million people use it asa second language. ... (4) ... .a. Nowadays it is not necessary to go abroad to communicate with native speakers.b. But is it really capable of giving you required information?c. It is next to impossible to define how many people are learning it.d. You can use it when travelling abroad, or when you want to read foreign literature inthe original.39

VOCABULARY CHECK3. Find the “odd one out”. There may be more than one answer. Giveyour reasons.1. first language second language native tongue2. English Esperanto Chinese3. grammar vocabulary pronunciation4. a lesson a course a lecture5. a dictionary a text-book a vocabulary4. Complete by changing the form of the word in capitals.1. Do you think you get a good ... at your school? EDUCATE2. I am not an expert. I am only a ... BEGIN3. I want ... at all times at the exam SILENT4. Rupert is an ... at the local extreme sports centre. INSTRUCT5. I am afraid that answer is ... . What a shame! CORRECT6. This is really difficult to understand. Why don’twe ... it a little?SIMPLEGRAMMAR CHECK5. Choose the correct preposition.1. Sue is worried for/about on/of her birthday party.2. For one, she hasn’t decided about/on/in/for the food yet.3. Also, she’s concerned for/of/about/to her guests having a good time.4. She hopes they’ll all be interested in/on/about/with meeting one another.5. She’s really looking forward at/in/to/on the day.6. Put the words in the correct order to make questions.1. up did morning get you time what this?2. did trains last you by when travel?3. how day times you eat many a do?4. there is coffee home any at left?5. you has do he think come why not?7. Fill the gaps with the correct tenses.1. I (learn) ... English for seven years now.2. But last year I (not/work) ... hard enough, that’s why my marks (not / be) ... reallygood then.3. As I (pass/want) my English exam successfully next year, I (study) ... harder thisterm.40

4. During my last summer holidays, my parents (send) ... me on a language course toLondon.5. It (be) great and I (think) ... I (learn) ... a lot.6. Before I (go) to London, I (not / enjoy) ... learning English.7. But while I (do) ... the language course, I (meet) ... lots of young people from allover the world.8. There I (notice) ... how important it (be) ... to speak foreign languages nowadays.9. Now I (have) much more fun learning English than I (have) ... before the course.10. At the moment I (revise) ... English grammar.11. And I (begin / already) ... to read the texts in my English textbooks again.12. I (think) ... I (do) one unit every week.13. My exam (be) ... on 15 May, so there (not / be) ... any time to be lost.14. If I (pass) ... my exams successfully, I (start) ... an apprenticeship in September.15. And after my apprenticeship, maybe I (go) ... back to London to work there for awhile.16. As you (see / can) ..., I (become) ... a real London fan already.8. Insert articles where necessary.... English is ... world language, and ... English spoken in ... USA or Australia differsfrom ... English spoken in ... Britain. There are also ... differences between ... speakersfrom ... Ireland, ... Scotland and ... England, and between ... different parts of the samecountry.41

Unit 4 Introducing the USBefore you read1. What is the population of the US?2. Why is English spoken in the US?3. What nationalities live in the US?Read the text and do the comprehension exercise.America – a nation of immigrantsIt is difficult to say what a typical American is. The US is often called a meltingpot because immigrants of many different nationalities, races and religions came to theUSA throughout its history. Between 1820 and 1993 millions of people left theircountries and settled in the USA.But it hasn’t been always easy for all groups of people to enter the USA because ofstrict immigration laws. In spite of these the country’s tradition of accepting peoplefrom all over the world goes on.Today America is an interesting mixture of people and customs. There are about230 million Americans all together. Let me introduce some of them.PCThis is Herbert Mayer from New York. He was born in theUnited States, but his parents came from Berlin.PCPCPCPCPCJohn O’Connor’s great-great grandparents left Irelandand made their home in the States. He lives in Detroit,Michigan.Sol Bukovski is a Jew. His grand parents arrived fromOdessa in 1918. He is a chemist. He speaks English, but hedoesn’t speak Russian or Yiddish like his parents did.Mahilia Ross is a singer. Her great-great grandparents werebrought as slaves to America.Sam Sung has a restaurant in Chinatown in New York. Hisparents came from China when he was three years old.Jimmy Johnson is an Indian, a member of Sioux Nation.The Indians aren’t immigrants. They lived in America longbefore the arrival of white people.42

If you look at the map of America, you will see a country whose area is only alittle less than the area of Europe and Asia and this is the United States of America.This huge country, 40 times bigger than Britain, once belonged to it. The country grewfrom a small number of colonies on its east coast. The British were the first people fromEurope who settled in this part of the world over 300 years ago.Immigrants from Germany, France, Holland and other European countries joinedthem later. They spoke their own languages, but gradually English became the mainlanguage of the country as it was spoken by almost all immigrants in spite of theirorigin. You can understand now why English is spoken not only in the UK, but in theUS as well.Did you know?The flag of the USA is called “the stars and stripes”. There are 13 stripes on theflag which show how many colonies formed the USA in 1776. The number of starsshows how many states there are in the USA today.FLAG OF THE USA picDescribe the national flag of Armenia.LISTENINGListen to the dialogue and act it out.Ask your friend where a) he/she, b) his/her parents, c) grandparents came from.David: Did you come to the US from Ireland, Chris?Chris: Yes, Davy, but long ago. My great-great-parents came here at the beginningof the century. They were farmers and they dreamed of having their own land. So theywent to the south and settled there.David: It is a typical story of an Irishman in America. But you don’t look like anIrishwoman.Chris: Oh, my grandma was Cuban and my Ma is Japanese.David: And your boyfriend is Italian. America really is a melting pot.Chris: Yes, so many people came and settled here.Your turnTo leave or not to leave?Armenia is a small mountainous country with no seas and good land.Suppose you have a chance to leave. Will you stay or leave?Explain your decision.43

Useful languageIwould like to stayprefer to leave because ___Work on wordsYou should live in your own country.must make your own home a good place to live in.live where your roots are.I want to see foreign countries.am eager to know foreign cultures better.have to get rich.a wish to succeed.immigrant n a person who comes as a settler to another country: Afterthe second World War many German immigrants came toAmerica. immigrate [ˈimigreit] v: During the last years manypeople immigrated to America. immigration [,imiˈgreiʃn] n:Immigration is never easy for people.strict [ˈstrikt] adj He is a strict father: He is always strict with his children.because of prep by reason of: Because of his injured leg he couldn’t walk asfast as the others.in spite of [ˈspait] prep They went out in spite of rain.= It was raining, but they wentout.huge [2hju:dZ] adj very great: After they passed through the forest they saw asettle [ˈsetl] vhuge rock.1. make one’s home in: After the war they settled down in theUSA. 2. stay for some time: The bird settled on a branch ofa big oak-tree. 3. decide: Nothing is settled yet. settlement[ˈsetlmənt] n the act of settling: When the sailors came to theeastern coast of America fi rst, they saw only small Indiansettlements.join [2dZÁIn] v 1. come into the company of: I’ll join you in a few minutes. 2.connect: The bridge joins the two banks of the river. 3. becomea member: Aram, when will you join the army?gradually [ˈgrædjuəli] step by step, bit by bit, little by little: Gradually he began toadv understand German better.escape [isˈkeip] v 1. get free, get away: Make a hole and let the water escape. 2.avoid: You were lucky to escape the punishment.independence n [,indiˈpendəns] the state of being independent: Ireland alwaysstruggled hard for its independence from Britain. independent[,indiˈpendənt] adj not relying on others, not controlled byothers: Armenia became independent in 1991.44

Words not to be confused: like, be like, look like, would like, alikeStudy the meaning of the words.1. I think you look like your mother. You have got her eyes.2. Would you like to be an actress?3. What kind of games do you like to play in summer?4. What is your sister like?5. What will the people from other planets be like?6. Her two girls are very much alike.1. Translate into English.³ÝϳË, Ý»ñ·³ÕÃ, ãݳ۳Í, Ý»ñ·³ÕûÉ, ³ÝϳËáõÃÛáõÝ, ÷³Ëã»É,µÝ³Ï³í³Ûñ/³í³Ý, í×é»É, ÉáõÍ»É, Ý»ñ·³ÕÃÛ³É, ÙdzݳÉ, ³ÏáõÙµÇ ³Ý¹³Ù¹³éݳÉ, µÝ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³ëï³ï»É, ÙdzóÝ»É, ½ÇÝíáñ³Ï³Ý ͳé³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»çÙïÝ»É, Ëáõë³÷»É, Ñëϳ, ÇÝã-áñ µ³ÝÇ å³ï׳éáí:2. Match the word in column A and their explanations in column B.Aimmigrantjoinbecause ofsettleimmigratehugeindependenceescapeindependentgraduallyBstep by stepvery greatnot relying on; not controlled byto come to another country to livea person who immigratedget free, keep free fromconnect; become a member ofby reason ofthe state of being independentto make a home in3. This is how jazz began. Insert the words given on the left and use thewords in them.hugeRich white Americans started buying black slaves tobelongwork on their ––– cotton planters. The Africans livedin spite of in poor ––––. Their life was terrible, but ––– it theirsettlement songs were always heard on the plantations, and whensurviveone Negro began singing all the rest –– in. These songsjoinhelped them to ––. When they became free, they one Negrobegan singing all the rest –– in. These songs helped themto ––. began to play different musical instruments and later formed bands.New Orleans bands were the best at the beginning. They created songs which areperformed today not only by America, but all over the world. This is how jazz began.45

4. Choose the correct word from the word-family. Change the word formif necessary.1. My uncle ___ to the United States of America 10 years ago.2. There are strict immigration limits on ____ into the country.3. There are a lot of European ___ in Australiaimmigrantimmigrateimmigration1. He is totally ___ on his parents.2. The boy enjoyed his ___ when he began earning money.3. Your good health may ___ on healthy food and esercise.4. If you have a car you are ___ of trains and buses.independentindependencedependdependent5. Fill in the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs.1. What ––– the concert ––– ?2. He ––– his father when he was young.3. What musical instruments ––– he ––– to play?4. They ––– to join us during our journey.5. What ––– the people in your country ––– ?6. They are twins. They are very –––– .Word-building6. Use the corresponding nouns.1. He wanted to immigrate, but he didn’t know the ––– law.2. The English settled on the eastern coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Their ––– were oftenvisited by Indians.3. He tried to explain why he hadn’t come, but nobody believed his ––––.4. He asked his manager to inform him about all the changes in the firm. “The –––must be short and regular,” he said,5. He dreamed to educate his children, but he had no money to pay for their –––.6. The ship moved unsteadily. The ship made unsteady ____.7. Translate into English.1991 Ãí³Ï³ÝÇ ë»åï»Ùµ»ñÇ 21¬ÇÝ ³ÙµáÕç ѳÝñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÁùí»³ñÏ»ó ÇÑû·áõï ³ÝϳËáõÃÛ³Ý: âÝ³Û³Í »ñÏÇñÁ ¹»é ¹Åí³ñ ϳóáõÃÛ³ÝÙ»ç ¿, ³Ñ»ÉÝ áõ ç³Ñ»ÉÁ (young and old) Ù»Í Ñ³×áõÛùáí ÝßáõÙ »Ý ²ÝϳËáõÃÛ³ÝûñÁ áñå»ë Ù»Í ïáÝ: ²Û¹ ûñÁ ³ÙµáÕç ù³Õ³ùÁ ½³ñ¹³ñí³Í ¿ »é³·áõÛݹñáßÝ»ñáí: ²é³íáïÛ³Ý Ð³Ý³ñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ññ³å³ñ³ÏáõÙ ï»ÕÇ ¿áõÝ»ÝáõÙ ßù³Ñ³Ý¹»ë, ÇëÏ »ñ»ÏáÛ³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåíáõÙ »Ý ·»Õ»óÇÏѳݹ»ëÝ»ñ: àõß »ñ»ÏáÛ³Ý ïáÝÝ ³í³ñïíáõÙ ¿ Ññ³ß³ÉÇ Ññ³í³éáõÃÛ³Ùµ:46

Read the text and retell it.Armenians in AmericaMany Armenians today live and work outside their homeland. They left for othercountries for different reasons. Often they were trying to escape the dangers of foreigninvaders: Persian, Mongol, Turkish and others. For the last hundred years Armenianshave been making a name for themselves in different lands. Their ancestors gave themthe strength and the will to survive and to work successfully for the countries they nowlive in. Some of them became famous in their adopted countries. Thus they belong totwo countries. Among well-known Armenian Americans there are some outstandingpersonalities who made their names in the fi eld of business, the media, the arts,literature and science.Archile Gorky: “My deepest emotions about my family and race always influencedmy work.”Born in Khorqom on the shore of lake Sevan in 1904 Gorky (Vostanik Adoyan)lived through the genocide 1 before arriving at Ellis Island in 1920. His talent forpainting revealed itself in the USA. He is one of the best American painters of thetwentieth century. Many of his paintings reflect the memories of his youth which henever forgot. One of such paintings, “The Artist and his Mother”, which hangs inWhitney Museum of American Art, shows pain and suffering through the large sadeyes of the people on his pictures.Alan Hovhannes: “I want to create a world of endless melody which would behealthy to a spirit.”Alan Hovhannes began to compose at the age of seven and since then he haswritten more than four hundreed musical works. He has written successfully for manyinstruments. He is often called a musical genius. Alan Hovhannes has never composedfor fame. “I just want to compose and the inspiration keeps on coming,” says Hovhanneswhose greatest inspirations have always come from nature, birds, mountains, whales,even the cry of a jackal. Very early he showed great interest in his Armenian roots. Thisrevealed the world of eastern music to him. His symphonies are a mixture of westernand eastern musical traditions. Alan Hovhannes accepts that Komitas had a greatinfluence on him. His sixty-fifth symphony called Artsakh is devoted to the struggle ofthe people of Artsakh for their independence.Your turnWho are they?1. Do you recognise these people?2. Who are they?3. What are they famous for? pcs Saroyan, Aznavour, Vazgen Parajanov(See the answers on p.___)1 genocide [ˈʤenəsaid] - »Õ»éÝ47

Write on. Write about one of these great personalities.The Times of His LifeWilliam Saroyan: My Heart is in the HighlandsThroughout his life he wrote about characters who went through difficult timeskeeping their heads up and never losing their hopes for a better future. He was born inFresno, California, but his parents came from Bitlis, Turkey. In his childhood he listenedto his parents and other immigrants talking about the difficulties of trying to preservetheir values and customs in the new land.Many of these themes, events and characters appeared later in his novels, storiesand plays. The greatness of William Saroyan lay in the fact that although he becamepart of American culture he never forgot the small mountainous country he had lost.Fame came to him with the play The Time of Your Life. He won the Pulitzer Prize 1 forit. In his book The Human Comedy Saroyan once again said that man is unique 2 . “Everyman in the world is better than someone else and not as good as someone else.”Pic SaroyanReading a fableRead the text and do the exercises.Some Advice to the American TravellerOne day my uncle Melik travelled from Fresno to New York. Before he got on thetrain his relative Garro paid him a visit and told him about the dangers of travel. “Whenyou get on the train,’’ the old man said, “choose your seat carefully, sit down and do notlook about.”“Yes, sir,” my uncle said.“Several moments after the train begins to move,” the old man continued, “two menwearing uniforms will come down the aisle and ask you for your ticket. Ignore them.The will be impostors.”“Yes, sir,” my uncle said.“ Before you have traveled twenty miles, a pleasant young man will come up to youand offer you a cigarette. Tell him you don’t smoke.”“Yes ,sir,” my uncle said.“ On your way to the diner a very beautiful young woman will run into you onpurpose and she will almost embrace you,” the old man said. “She will be extremelyapologetic and attractive, and your natural wish will be to become friends with her.Don’t do this, go into the diner and eat. The woman will be an adventuress… . Believeme that is the only way out of the whole trouble. I have travelled. I know what I’mtalking about.1 the Pulitzer Prize [ˈpulitsə ˈpraiz] - ·ñ³Ï³Ý Ùñó³Ý³Ï ØdzóÛ³É Ü³Ñ³Ý·Ý»ñáõÙ2 unique [ju:ˈni:k] – ÙdzÏ, »½³ÏÇ, ³Ý½áõ·³Ï³Ý48

“Yes, sir,” my uncle said.“Let’s speak no more about it,” my uncle said…“ On your way back to your compartment from the diner,” the old man continued,“ you will pass through the smoker. There you will see a game of cards in progress. Theplayers will be three middle-aged men with expensive looking rings on their fingers.They will look at you pleasantly and one of them will invite you to join the game. Tellthem “I don’t speak English.”“ Yes, sir,” my uncle said.“That is all ,” my uncle said.“Thank you very much, my uncle said…The old man went away and the next day my uncle Melik got on the train andwent to New York. The two men in uniforms were not impostors, the beautiful youngwoman did not sit at his table in the diner, and there was no card game in progress inthe smoker…He himself offered another young man a cigarette which he accepted. In the dinermy uncle went to sit at a table with a young lady. He started a poker game in the smoker,and long before the train got to New-York my uncle knew everybody on the train andeverybody knew him. When the train was traveling through Ohio my uncle and the youngman who had accepted the cigarette sang American songs with two pretty ladies.The journey was a very pleasant one.When my uncle Melik came back from New –York , Garro visited him again.“I see you are looking all right,” he said, “Did you follow my instructions?”“ Yes, sir,” my uncle said.“I am pleased,” Garro said, “ that someone has profited by my experience.”ComprehensionAnswer the questions1. What advice about his behaviour on the train did the old man give to Melik?2. Was the situation on the train similar to the one described by the old man?3. Did the young man ‘s behaviour differ from the recommendations he got?4. What conclusion did the old man make and why?5. How can you describe a.uncle Garro, b. the author’s uncle Melik?<strong>Focus</strong> on GrammarRevision:-ing or to (Gerund or infinitive)• When one verb follows another verb the structure may be -ing orInfinitive:Verb + -ingenjoy dancingmind opening the doorVerb + towant to dancerefuse to open the door49

give up smokingfinish workingfancy going outgo on readingsuggest watching a videokeep on asking questionslearn to play tennisagree to meetfail to warn herforget to take papersoffer to helpmanage to do the work1. Finish the sentences using the gerund or infinitive.1. A: Is your name Jane?B: I’m not going to tell you my name. Jane refused ___ .2. A: I’m Jim’s brother.B: Really? He forgot ___ .3. A: Can I carry your bag for you? He offered ___ .B: No, thanks. I can manage. She could manage ___ .4. A: Let’s meet at 8 o’clock. He suggested ___ .B: OK, fine. She agreed ___ .5. A: I’ll wait for you at the cinema.B: All right. They decided ___ .2. Put the verb into the correct form.e.g.: Don’t forget to post the letter I gave you (post).1. We were hungry so I suggested ___ to a café (go).2. When I’m tired I enjoy ___ to music (listen).3. We decided ___ a taxi (take).4. She promised not ___ late (be).5. I’m not in a hurry. I don’t mind ___ (wait).6. It’s a nice day. Fancy ___ for a swim (go)?7. She was busy and refused ___ for a walk (go).3. Unsafe Prison Bus. Use the verbs in the brackets in the correct forms.UNSAFE PRISON BUSPolice all over Florida are trying (find and arrest) two men who escaped fromStatessville Prison yesterday. The prisoners managed (escape) from a special bus takingthem back to the prison after a visit to a local museum. They wanted (kill) the driverbecause he refused (help) them. The failed (kill) him but during the fight he was hit onthe head. “The buses used for such visits do not have the radios,” said the driver. “So itwas not possible (call) for help.”He suggests (put) the radios in such buses (make) themsafer.The police asked people living in the area if they had noticed anything unusual. Sofar only two women have been able (give) information.50

• Some verbs can be followed by -ing or to with little or no difference inmeaning: begin, start, intend, continue, bothere.g. It started raining. It started to rain.He has finished to work. He has finished working.• Some verbs can be followed by -ing or to with a difference in meaning.e.g. I remember doing it = I did it and now I remember it. (ºë ÑÇßáõÙ »Ù, áñ ³ñ»É »Ù ¹³:)I remember to do it = I remember that I have to do it. (ºë ÑÇßáõÙ »Ù, áñ åÇïÇ ³Ý»Ù ¹³:)He stopped looking at me. He didn’t look at me. (ܳ ¹³¹³ñ»ó ÇÝÓ Ý³Û»É:)He stopped to look at me. (ܳ ϳݷ ³é³í, áñå»ë½Ç ÇÝÓ Ý³ÛÇ:)4. Fill in the verbs in their correct forms.1. Please, remember (turn off) the TV set when you go to sleep.2. I remember (spend) our holidays at the seaside. It was so exciting.3. Remember (ask ) John for his notes.4. He stopped (buy) a newspaper.5. She stopped (write) a letter, as the phone rang.5. Translate into English.1. âÙáé³Ý³ë áõÕ³ñÏ»É Ý³Ù³ÏÁ:2. ºë ÑÇßáõÙ »Ù, áñ ·ñù»ñë ³Ûëï»Õ »Ù ï»ë»É:3. ºñµ ¹é³Ý ½³Ý·Á ÑÝã»ó, ²ÝÝ³Ý ¹³¹³ñ»ó ϳñ¹³É, áñå»ë½Ç ¹áõéÁµ³óÇ:4. ºë ÑÇßáõÙ »Ù, áñ ³ë³óÇ Ýñ³Ý áÕç ×ßÙ³ñïáõÃÛáõÝÁ:5. ܳ ϳݷ ³é³í ûñà ·Ý»Éáõ ѳٳñ:Word order6. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.1. what / to / difficult / typical / is / a / American / is / It / say /.2. to / the / She / better / to / moved / city / job / a / find /3 enjoyed / a / She / in / Manhattan / in / agency / working / tourist /.4. a / visiting / Living / she / in / city / enjoyed / big / museums.5. She / living / Brooklyn / in / didn’t / friend / mind / with / her.6. twelve / It / about / to / New York / hours / takes / to / fly /.7. keep / their / summer house / in / telling / his / They / on / stay / about /.51

Unit 5 From Sea to Shining SeaRead the text and answer the questions.Between two oceansThe USA is the world’s fourth largest country. It is a vast country situated betweentwo oceans, the Pacific and the Atlantic. In the north the USA borders on Canada, inthe south - on Mexico. It also has a sea border with Russia. The USA is one of the mostbeautiful countries of the world. It is a country of high mountains, waterfalls and longrivers, a country of lakes and deep woods, a country of prairies and cornfields.You can see two highland regions and two lowland regions on the map of the USA.The highlands are: the Appalachian Mountains in the east and the Rocky Mountains inthe west. Between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains are the centrallowlands (prairies) and the eastern lowlands (the Mississippi Valley).The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordilierra and the SierraNevada. The highest peak is Mount McKinley in Alaska.America’s largest rivers are the Mississipi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande and theColumbia.In the north-west of the country is the area of the Great Lakes on the border of theUSA and Canada.The climate of the country varies greatly: from Arctic in Alaska to subtropical in thesouth. The climate in the central part is continental. The climate along the Pacific coastis much warmer than that of the Atlantic coast.Comprehension1. What oceans is the USA situated between?2. Which are the two highland regions?3. Which are the two lowland regions?4. Name the two countries separated by the Great Lakes?5. Which lake is surrounded by the US states?6. Which is the highest peak in the USA?7. What is the climate in the USA like?<strong>Focus</strong> on words. Geography1. Collecting words. Collect as many words in each group as you can.Describing the country• Geographyto lie in/on, to bewashed by, to occupyto cover the territory of,to stretch from … toto border on52

in the mountains,on the coastby the seaside• Economyhighly developed /developing /agricultural /industrial countryto be separated fromto be populated by…in the valleyat seato the west ofin the meadowson the island / on the continentat the foot of the mountainson the hills / the bank of the riverin the depth of the forestto producemain productslight / heavy industry,the chief industryto be rich into export / importspecialise in2. Arranging words. Try to arrange the words in different ways toremember them better.a. Water Mountainsbeach tributary ? peak range ?b. What nouns go with the adjective below?sandy, rocky, dangerous, deep, shallowc. Here are some of the industries. Can you match them to the correctcategory?Primary industry Manufacturing industry Service industryProvides raw materials Makes raw materials People providefrom the land and the sea into finished food services for othersagriculture textiles tourism transportgas fishing mining oilbanking cars food food3. Words in use.a. 1. Make a list of main industries in your country.2. Make a list of types of industry in your area.3. Does anyone in your family work in an industry?53

. Imagine you want to describe a region in America to somebody who has never beenthere. Work with a partner and write a short text. Then tell the class what you havewritten.western coast/capital - The region of the Great Lakes/Los Angeles/place of north of America/the statesinterest: Golden Gate of Wisconsin, Michigan, etc./Bridge in San Francisco/ big cities: Chicago - shippingthe centre of film industry: industry, jazz/Detroit -Hollywood/grow fruit/ motor industry.popular holiday region.south of America/capital - Dallas/ south-east of America/famousregion of cactuses and cowboys/ Cape Canaveral/rockets - sendrich in oil. to space/holiday resort/fishing industry.c. Tell about your country.a. its geographical position;b. its territory and population;c. its climate;d. its mineral resourcese. its economy.Just for funGoing down the riverAs you travel down the river from north to south try to find1. Title for an unmarried woman2. A present form of to be3. to drink4. 3.145. First personMISSISSIPPI– Why does a river sleep a lot?– Because it is always in a bed.River riddles– Where do you feed a river?– At its mouth.– Why does a river have a lot of money?– Because it has two banks.54

<strong>Focus</strong> on GrammarRevisionArticles• Geographical names with and without theNo articlecountries:England, Armenia, Germany, Francelakes:Lake Ontario, Lake Sevanindividual mountains:Mount Ararat, Mount Everestcities:New York, Yerevancontinents:Asia, Africathecountries (with words ‘union’, ‘kingdom’, ‘states’):The United States of AmericaThe United Kingdomoceans/ seas/ rivers/ canals:the Pacifi c Ocean, the Mississippithe Panama Canalmountain ranges:the Rocky Mountainsthe Appalachian Mountains.1. Are you good at geography? Put in the if necessary.1. ___ United States of America is situated in ___ North America.2. Its western coast is washed by ___ Pacific Ocean, its eastern coast is washed by ___Atlantic Ocean.3. ___ Mississippi (with ___ Missouri) is the longest river in ___ America.4. ___ Washington is the capital of ___ USA.5. There are two highland regions in ___ USA: ___ Appalachian Mountains and ___Rocky Mountains.6. ___ Nile is the longest river in ___ Africa.7. We went to ___ Spain for our holiday.8. Next year we are going skiing in ___ Alps.9. ___ Everest was first climbed in 1953.2. Put in a or the where necessary.Henry Hudson was ___ brave soldier. He crossed ___ Arctic Ocean several times.The last time he set out from ___ England he went to ___ North America. He explored___ strait and –– bay there and called them after his name.Winter came and hard days began. ___ sailors rose against him because they weredying of hunger. They tied ___ Hudson and his little son, placed them in ___ open boatand left them in the icy sea far from help without ___ food and ___ water. So hedisappeared in ___ bay he had discovered.55

3. Where is it? Here are some geography questions. Try to answerthem.1. Where is Armenia situated?2. What country lies between Mexico andCanada?3. Which is the longest river in the USA?4. What is the name of the sea betweenAfrica and Australia?• Some more information (names of streets, building, etc.)5. Where are the Rocky Mountains?6. Which are the Great Lakes?7. Which is the longest river inRussia?8. Which is the largest continent?No articlenames of streetsnames of roadsnames of squares:thenames of theatresnames of galleriesnames of cinemasnames of museumsnames of placesnames of buildingsOxford Street, BroadwayCromwell RoadRed Square, Trafalgar Squarethe National Theatrethe National Gallery of Armeniathe Moskvathe British Museumthe Tower of Londonthe Houses of Parliament.Remember: With names of all other places if the first word is the name of aperson or a place: Victoria Station, Westminster Palace, Hyde Park, London Zoo.4. Name a few streets, squares, cinema-houses and theatres in Yerevan.Work on wordscotton [´kÁtn] n He likes clothes made of cotton. She wore a nice cottondress.advertise [´ÊdvÀtaiz] v If you want to sell your piano, you should advertise in anewspaper. His goods sell well because he advertises them ontime. advertisement [Àd´vÀ:tismÀnt] n: A good advertisementhelps to sell goods. Reading newspaper advertisements helpedhim to fi nd his job.suit [´sju:t] v Does the climate suit your health? The seven-o’clock trainsuits us very well. Will Saturday suit you? This cotton shirtsuits you perfectly. to be suited to/for: That man isn’t suitedfor teaching because he is cruel. suitable adj: These clothesare suitable for cold weather. This is a suitable place for apicnic.56

produce [prÀ´dju:s] vmine [main] nevident [´evidÀnt] adjThe fi elds in that part of the country produced rich crops. Wemust produce more food for ourselves and bring less fromforeign countries. This fi lm produced a sensation all over thecountry. product [´prÁdÀkt] n: The farm products of Hollandare always good. production [prÀ´dÍkÈn] n: After the war theproduction of goods fell.gold mine, coal mine. Zod is known in Armenia by its goldmine. There are a lot of coal mines in Wales. miner n: He hasbeen a miner all his life. The miners protested against badworking conditions.It is evident to all of you that he is not right. He looked at histhree sons with evident pride. Syn. obvious, apparent1. Translate into English.ѳñÙ³ñ ÉÇÝ»É, µ³Ùµ³Ï, ѳÛï³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝ ï³É, ³åñ³Ýù ³ñï³¹ñ»É,ë³½»É, ³½¹³ñ³ñ»É, ³ñï³¹ñ³Ýù, µ³Ùµ³Ï», ѳñÙ³ñ, ѳÝù, ѳÝù³÷áñ:2. Match the words in column A with their explanations in column B.A. B.suitsomething producedproductgood, proper forproducebe convenient or right forevidentmake grow, createadvertisemake known to people by newspaper, radio or TVsuitableclear to the eye or mind3. Fill in the gaps with the words below using them in proper forms.produce, evident, not to be suited, product, advertise, mine, cotton1. Armenia __ for producing cotton.2. The main agricultural __ are fruits and vegetables.3. Though the film was not __ , it __ a great sensation.4. It is __ that he is disappointed with the results of his work.5. There are a lot of coal __ in Wales.6. We must __ more food for ourselves and import less food from other countries.7. There are a lot of __ plantations in the South of the USA.8. The pine forests stretched miles and miles.4. Make up sentences using the verbs in the passive voice:to be situatedto be producedto be advertisedto be importedto be constructedto be populated57

Read the text and answer the comprehension questions.THE STATESThere are 50 states in the USA today. But at the beginning there were only 13 states.Among them were Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Rhode Island. These stateswere called the New England states because the first colonists from England landed there.A key state is Massachusetts the capital of which is Boston, a place of culture and learning.These states of New England are not suited for agriculture but it is a wooded district witha great many rivers and lakes.The Middle Atlantic states stretch from New England southwards to Washington,district of Columbia, the country’s capital. The Middle Atlantic states are New Jersey,Pennsylvania and Delaware.The advantage of this region is its position. It has important ports such as NewYork and Philadelphia. New York is the national leader in manufacturing, shippingindustry, advertising and so on.Pennsylvania is also an important economic centre. It is the country’s third largestin manufacturing, mining, farming and tourism. It produces coal, steel, textiles,chemicals. The largest city in Pennsylvania is Philadelphia. Americans are fond ofsaying that Philadelphia is America’s historically most important city because both theDeclaration of Independence and the USA Constitution were signed here.The South Atlantic States are Virginia and West Virginia, Carolina (North andSouth), Georgia, Florida.The Central South-East states are Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama.This is the region of endless miles of land, cottages and fast growing industrialcities, where are cultivated cotton and tobacco. It is the heart of deep South, the stateswhere race problems are most evident.The American South-West consists of Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, Oklahoma.This is a land of prosperous towns, cowboys and Indians and in the western partscoyotes and cactuses.Comprehension questions1. Which are the New England states?2. How can you characterize the New England states?3. What is the capital of Massachusetts?4. What is situated in the north-east besides the New England states?5. What is situated in the district of Columbia?6. What are the Middle Atlantic states?7. What is the advantage of this region?8. What is Pennsylvania famous for?9. Why is Philadelphia set to be as America’s most important city?10. Which are the South Atlantic and Central South-East states?11. Which are the American South-East states?58

Your turnLook at the map of Central and South-West states. What can you say about them?Useful language1. The state of ___ is situated in ___.2. The capital of ___ is ___3. The state of ___is a centre ofis rich inproducesis a region ofDid you know?America’s breadbasketpapergoldsalt___For most Americans the Midwest means land, bright red barns, fat cattle and pigs,and endless fields of grain. That is why it is often called America’s Breadbasket. But itis more than that. It is the breadbasket of the world. The USA exports more wheat, cornand other grain than the rest of the world does.Your turn1. Name the farm products which your area produces.2. Which farm products are produced in the Ararat valley/Shirak/Sevan?3. Choose a product (tea/coffee/banana/grape/tomato, etc.) and find the areas inTranscaucasia (the US, the world) which are its biggest producers?<strong>Focus</strong> on words. Countries and nationalities1. Collecting words. Collect as many words as possible.Country Population Capital Official language ProductsAustralia 13 mln Canberra English wool, meat, butter, cheese, sugarCanada 23 mln Ottawa English, French paper, wood, butter, fish, wheatIndia 584 mln New Delhi Hindi, English rice, tea, sugar, fruit, woodKenya 12 mln Nairobi Swahili coffee, tea, meal, petrol, salt___ ___ ___ ___ ___2. Words in use.a. Say a few sentences about these countries.Example: Australia has got a population of above 22 mln people. Canberra is thecountry’s capital, and the official language is English. Among the Australian mainproducts are wool, meal, butter, cheese and sugar. Political programmes59

Did you know?What’s in a name?Very many names of states and cities in America come from Indian words. Illinoiscomes from the Illini Indians who lived here. It means “men.” Massachusetts comesfrom an Indian word meaning “near the hills.” Michigan is from an Indian word andmeans “big lake” or “place for fishing”. Missouri is from an Indian word meaning“muddy water”. Oklahoma comes from an Indian word that means “red people.”Some geographical names are the names of the places which the immigrants hadleft to come to America, and that is why in the USA you can find American Moscow,Birmingham, Plymouth, etc. Very often they name their towns and villages with theword New at the beginning, such as New Orleans which shows that many people fromFrance came to live here, New York, New Jersey, New London (from Britain), etc.A few of them are named after the kings and queens of England, such as Marylandfor Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I.<strong>Focus</strong> on FunctionInterrupting, asking for repetition and explanationa. Do you know how to interrupt and ask to repeat what was said before?Here are some phrases that can help you.The first computer was made in the USA. Sorry, where?/Where did you say?The shortest way to get to France is by air. Sorry, by what?/ By what did you say?Sometimes you’d like the speaker to stop and explain something to you. Here aresome ways of saying that.Sorry to interrupt you, but could you explain to me what you mean by ___Excuse me, but could you say a little more about ___b. People talk. Grant’s mother asks him questions. At this moment he iswriting a letter to his girl-friend and he doesn’t listen to her.Mother: I saw Bob’s mother yesterday.Grant: Whom did you say?Mother: Bob’s mother, Grant. She says they’re leaving for Brighton.Grant: Where did you say?Mother: Brighton. They’re taking Pete with them.Grant: Who?Mother: Pete, I said. They’re leaving in a week.Grant: When did you say?Mother: In a week. Don’t you want to go with them?60

Grant:Mother:You want to go with them, Mum?Bob, I’m afraid something is wrong with your ears. We should go to the doctorsoon.c. Suppose you haven’t heard the italicized words. Ask the speaker torepeat them.1. “Hamlet” was written by Shakespeare. - Sorry, who?2. I dislike rainy weather. - ?3. I’m fond of karate. - ?4. They stayed in because of rain.d. Work in pairs. Your partner says strange things. You are surprised. Askhim or her to repeat.1. There are thousands of green men on Mars.2. Yesterday a crocodile was seen on the bank of Lake Sevan.3. Armenia is situated in Africa.Continue telling tales.<strong>Focus</strong> on GrammarRevisionComplex Object (part 1)verb + object + infinitiveSome verbs in English can be followed by two structures.InfinitiveObject + InfinitiveI want to see the manager. I want him to see the manager.ºë áõ½áõÙ »Ù ï»ëÝ»É: ºë áõ½áõÙ »Ù, áñ ݳ ï»ëÝÇ:He would like to come. He would like us to come.ܳ Ïáõ½»Ý³ñ ·³É: ܳ Ïáõ½»Ý³ñ, áñ Ù»Ýù ·³Ýù:The structure Object + Infinitive is used with the following verbs.wantJohn/himwishAnn/herwould like you to InfinitiveaskAnn and John/themus61

Remember! This structure is translated into Armenian by a subordinateclause.1. What does the teacher want us to do? Complete the sentences usingcomplex objects.1. Be careful, children!2. Nick, Sam, give me a hand!3. Open the window, Jane!4. Lock the door, John!5. Hand in your exercise!6. Read the text, Ann.2. Translate the sentences into Armenian.1. I want my friends to sing a serenade for you.2. I would like you to come out tonight.3. I ask you not to be angry with me.4. I ask you to hurry up.5. I want everybody to hear that I love you.He wants us to be careful.He asked Nick and Sam/them to ___He would like Jane/her ___He wants ______3. Complete the questions. Use do you want me to ___ or would you like me to___ with one of these words: give, explain, stay, repeat, show, help.Example: Do you want me to go alone or do you want me to come with you?1. Do you know how to use the dictionary or would you –––––––?2. Shall we leave or do you ––––––?3. Did you hear what I said or –––––?4. Have you already seen the picture or –––––?5. Have you finished the work or –––––?Scan the text and try to remember the basic facts to answer the questions.CaliforniaMore people live in California than in any other state - over 30 million of them. Itis the biggest state after Texas and Alaska and it is a state of differences. The highestmountain in the USA outside Alaska is Mount Whitney in the east of the state; it is4,420 metres high. And California has the lowest, driest place in the USA: Death Valley,which is 86 metres lower than the sea. It is very hot there (56.7°C on the hottest day,in 1913) and in some years it does not rain at all. But the north of the state is quite coldand wet. This is where the great redwood trees grow - the tallest trees in the world. Thebiggest is 115.5 metres high. Also in the north is the Napa Valley area, where excellentwines are made. California grows more fruit and vegetables than any other state in theUSA but it is also famous for its computer factories. Hewlett and Packard started their62

usiness in California, and Apple have their head offices there.San Francisco is, many people think, one of the most beautiful cities in the world.In 1849, people came here to look for gold and they became known as ‘Forty-Niners’.Jeans were first made in San Francisco by Levi Strauss in those days. The city grew fastbut was nearly destroyed in 1906 by an earthquake and the fire which followed it. Therewas another big earthquake in 1989 when 62 people died, and everyone knows thatone day there will be another. But 800,000 Americans continue living in San Franciscobecause life there is fun.San Francisco is also famous for the Golden Gate Bridge, which was built in 1937and joins the city to Marin County. More than 40 million journeys are made across itevery year. It is 2.7 kilometres long and 67 metres above the water.Los Angeles is the second biggest city in the USA, with 3.8 million people. It cantake hours to drive from one side to the other - and people almost always drive! Thenumber of cars means that the city has a problem with dirty air; in some parts of the citycrime is a problem too. But visitors still come to see places like Hollywood and BeverlyHills. On Hollywood Boulevard you can visit Mann’s Chinese Theatre, where film starshave left the shapes of their hands and feet in the ground. You can visit ParamountStudios in Hollywood, where the Godfather films were made, or Universal Studiosoutside the city, where you can feel an earthquake or see King Kong and Jurassic Park.In Beverly Hills you can drive past the homes of famous stars.Disneyland is the top place for tourists in California. It is in Orange County in thesouth of the state. If you visit Disneyland, you will meet Mickey Mouse and his friendswalking around the park. You can visit the castle of Sleeping Beauty, ride on a riverboat, or have an Indiana Jones or Tarzan adventure.Answer the questions.1. Why is California considered to be an important state?2. Is California a big state?3. Why is it called a state of differences?4. What are the main cities of California?5 What are they famous for?63

Unit 6 How it BeganGlimpses of historyBefore you read1. Do you know anything about the history of the USA?2. Who discovered America?3. Who were the native peoples in the USA?4. Who were the first settlers in America?Read the text and answer the comprehension questions.On a fine autumn day the people of Plymouth, England, watched the white sails ofa merchant’s ship go away. It was the Mayfl ower. Who were the passengers of thisship? Those who sailed westwards were not sea wolves. They were young, those menand women, eager, brave and very human. They came from the town of Scrooby andhad suffered very much for their religion (they were Puritans 1 ). These people wereready to struggle for freedom, their religion and liberty of mind. The small groupdecided they must leave England to live and worship 2 as they wished.Plymouth lived its usual life receiving trade from all over the world. People onboard watched the native shores pass by trying to remember everything they saw.It was a long journey into the unknown, but nobody could imagine how importantfor history it would be. The English called these people the Pilgrims 3 Fathers.The Atlantic crossing was not an easy one. After a long sea voyage, after meetingterrible storms the ship landed in Massachusetts in early November 1620. Behind was acold ocean, before them was a country full of wild woods and a long winter.The settlers began to die of cold. Without the help of friendly Indians none of themwould have lived till next spring. Only their beliefs gave them the strength to live. It isthis strength the Americans call the spirit of the Pilgrim Fathers.The first winter in the new world was difficult for the Pilgrim Fathers. But whenspring came, the Indians taught them how to grow food. They also taught the newcomersto hunt and fish. And in the autumn rich crops of corn, beans and pumpkins wereharvested. The colonists had much to be thankful for and a feast was planned. TheIndians who were also invited to their feast brought deer and turkeys with them.Since then the fourth Thursday in November has been celebrated by the Americansas Thanksgiving Day. On this day, even if they live far, family members gather together.They go to church, receive guests and have Thanksgiving dinner with traditional turkeyand pumpkin pie.This day reminds them of the courage and mighty 4 spirit of the Pilgrim Fathers.1 Puritians [´pjuÀritÀnz] - Ù³ùñ³ÏñáÝáõÃÛáõÝ2 worship [´wÀ:Èip] - »ñÏñå³·»É3 Pilgrim [´pilgrim] ¬ áõËﳷݳó, áõËï³íáñ4 mighty [maiti] - powerful64

Comprehension1. The people who left Plymouth on the 2. The English called these peopleMayfl ower werea. pirates. a. criminals.b. sea wolves. b. explorers.c. religious people. c. the pilgrims.3. During their crossing the ocean was 4. When the Pilgrims landed it wasa. calm. a. early spring.b. stormy. b. cold winter.c. peaceful. c. late autumn.5. The Indiansa. hated them.b. helped them.c. were indifferent.Your turnChoose your favourite holiday and describe it.Useful languageMy favourite holiday is ___Among our holidays I like ___ best of all.We celebrate Independence Day on the ___ of ___New Yearat the end of ___Easterat the beginning of ___Mother’s Day in autumn.ChristmasPeople usually visit, congratulate their friends, relatives, each other.decorate streets, their houses, flats, fir trees.put onbest clothes.haveholiday dinner/traditional.wishgood luck, health, Happy New YearWork on wordshuman [´hju:mÀn] adj Our doctor is very human, understanding and attentive. It wasnot human to throw the sick animal into the street.receive [ri´si:v] v When did you receive the news? He received a good education.The hotel is now open to receive guests. You will receive a warmwelcome when you come to Armenia.none [´nÍn] pron None of this money is mine. Is there anybody left? None at all.None of them has come back yet.crop [krÁp] n He looked at the rich crops of corn with pride and hope.65

harvest [´ha:vist] n This year’s wheat harvest is very poor, we must think what todo. It was harvest time and all the people were in the fi elds.harvest v: They hope that in summer a rich crop of tomatoeswill be harvested.remind [ri´maind] v Please remind me to answer that letter. remind of: He remindsme of his father. He reminded me of our plan to go to the concerton Saturday. He reminded me of our journey together.Words not to be confusedreceive: a letter/news / telegram, education, guests, patientsaccept: a gift, an invitation, smb’s apologyadmit: into the house, to school, one’s mistake1. Translate into English.àã áù, ÑÇß»óÝ»É, ³ñÇáõÃÛáõÝ, Ë÷»É, ѳٳñÓ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ, ëï³Ý³É, ѳÕûÉ,ù³çáõÃÛáõÝ, µ»ñù³Ñ³í³ù, áãÇÝã, ÁݹáõÝ»É, áã ÙÇ, µ»ñù, ÑáõÝÓù, µ»ñùÁѳí³ù»É, ÑÝÓ»É, ù³Õ»É, Ù³ñ¹Ï³ÛÇÝ:2. Find the opposites and arrange them in pairs.Example: after – beforereceive, everybody, full, peaceful, fear, belief, live, leave, stormy, empty, disbelief,arrive, die, courage, none, friendly, strength, before, send, weakness, after3. Match the words in column A with their explanations in column B.A. B.noneaccept, take; welcomeharvestnot any, not onecropmake/help to rememberremindagricultural plants in the fieldsreceivecut, gather a crop4. Fill in the gaps with words given on the left. Use them in the correctform.sailingnonesailcourageremindsailorjoinbeatLife on –– ships was very hard both for the passengers and the ––. Theships were small and were much –– in the stormy sea. Without –– andpatience, –– of them would ever reach the land. The –– had alwaysdangerous work to do. In any weather they had to set the ––. To maketheir life easier the sailors often sang old folk which –– them of theirnative land and the passengers often –– them.66

5. Fill in admit, receive or accept in the correct form.1. When did you ––– the papers?2. The servant opened the door and ––– me.3. He asked her to marry him and she ––– his proposal.4. Only one hundred boys ––– to the school each year.5. You will ––– a warm welcome when you come to England.<strong>Focus</strong> on GrammarRevision• Complex object: (part 2)verb + object + infinitiveThis structure is also used after the verbs make, let, see (watch, notice), hearExample: Hot weather makes me feel tired.Þá· »Õ³Ý³ÏÁ Ñá·Ý»óÝáõÙ ¿ ÇÝÓ:The customs officer made me open my suitcase.سùë³ï³Ý ëå³Ý ëïÇå»ó, áñ »ë µ³ó»Ù Ç٠׳ÙåñáõÏÁ:Let me carry your bag for you.ÂáõÛÉ ïí»ù ï³Ý»É Ó»ñ å³Ûáõë³ÏÁ:Did you see him come out of the house?¸áõù ï»ë³±ù, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ ïÝÇó ¹áõñë »Ï³í:I heard him get up early in the morning.ºë Éë»óÇ, áñ ݳ ³ÝÏáÕÝáõó í»ñ ϳó³í í³Õ ³é³íáïÛ³Ý:Remember: The Infinitive after these verbs is used without to.Example: Did you hear her sing?1. Fill in the gaps using the verbs made/didn’t make/let/didn’t let in theircorrect forms.David Brutian is twenty-three years old. He plays the piano in a jazz band. Musicmeans a lot to him. But when he was a child he didn’t enjoy music at all. His parents ––– him attend piano lessons and they ––– him practise for hours every day. Fortunatelythey ––– him spend every evening in the school. They ––– him take part in otheractivities and they –– him bring any classmates home. Every time the family hadvisitors, his parents ––– him play the piano for the guests. They only ––– him go out inthe evenings when he went to a concert. They never ––– him go to the parties.67

2. Combine the sentences into one.1. I saw Peter. He was standing at the gate. I saw Peter stand at the gate.2. I saw a car. It was approaching the cottage. I saw a car ___.3. I watched the driver. He came out of the car. ___.4. I heard Peter. He was speaking to the driver. ___.5. I saw them. They were getting into the car. ___.6. I saw Peter’s mother. She was looking for him. ___.7. I heard her. She was calling him. ___.3. These Terrific Ads! Write sentences using the structure make + object+ infinitive.1. ‘Wash & Go’ makes ___2. Go-Go petrol ___3. ___Continue using similar sentences.4. Translate into English.1. سÛñÇÏë ÇÝÓ ÃáõÛÉ ãÇ ï³ÉÇë áõß ïáõÝ í»ñ³¹³éÝ»É:2. êïÇåÇñ, áñ ݳ ³Ûë ¹»ÕÁ ËÙÇ:3. ØÇ ëïÇåÇñ ÇÝÓ »ñϳñ ëå³ë»É ù»½:4. ºë ï»ë³, áñ Ýñ³ ÍÝáÕÝ»ñÁ ËáëáõÙ »Ý:5. àã áù ã¿ñ Éë»É, û ÇÝãå»ë »ñ»Ë³Ý ¹áõéÁ µ³ó»ó:5. Complete the sentences using complex object (with or without to).1. Do you want me ___?2. Did you hear ___?3. Why doesn’t the doctor let ___?4. Would you like ––– ?5. Who made ___?6. He made me ___.Mixed tenses6. Thanksgiving Day. Use the correct forms of the verbs in the brackets.A: Hello, Cathy. It’s Aram speaking.B: Hello, Aram. How you (be)?A: Thanks, fine. I (ring) you to find out if you’re free this Thursday.B: I’m afraid not. This Thursday (be) Thanksgiving Day.A: I’m sorry, but I (not know) anything about it.B: You ever (hear) about the Pilgrim Fathers?A: Oh, yes. But how this day (connect) with the Pilgrims?B: On this day they used (have) their harvest and called it Thanksgiving Day.A: How you (celebrate) it, Cathy?68

B: We (have) church services and a Thanksgiving dinner with traditional turkey,pumpkin pie and games in the afternoon. If you (be) free you can (join) us onThursday.A: Thank you. I (come) with great pleasure. I’ll have something interesting to tell myfriends when I (be) back in Yerevan.Read the text and answer the comprehension questions.The Red Men’s LandBefore you read1. Who lived in North America before the European settlers came?2. What do you know about their way of life?3. What is your idea of Indians and their place in American history?4. Have your read Fenimore Cooper’s lively novels with wise Indians and their laws,tomahawks and peace pipes?Before the European settlers arrived in North America, the only people who livedthere were the Indians. When the European settlers first appeared in America, they livedin peace with the native Americans. The Indians used to tell them, “A man should lovethe good earth over which he hunts, upon which stands his village. This is the RedMan’s land. He wishes his hunting ground, his maize 1 field and his river for himself,his women and children.” When the news of rich lands began to reach Europe, moreand more settlers arrived. The Indians were driven from their land. They tried to defendthemselves but they could do nothing against the white men.James Fenimore Cooper is famous as the author of Leather Stocking novels: ThePioneers, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfi nder and others. All these novels areexciting stories about the first settlers and American Indians. The main character in allthese novels is Leather Stocking as he was called by the Indians. He was a white man -a hunter named Natty Bamppo. An ordinary man with little education, he kneweverything about forest life. He was just and kind, he thought that all men-white, yellowor red were brothers. He was against civilization because he thought that progressspoiled nature and people.The Last of the MohicansJames Fenimore CooperThe melody of waters fill’dThe fresh and boundless wood;And torrents dashed, and rivulets played,And fountains spouted in the shade. BryantA silence of a minute succeeded, during which the Indian sat then, full of the ofhis office, he his brief tale, with a solemnity that served to its appearance of truth.1 maize - »·Çåï³óáñ»Ý69

“A pine grew then where this chestnut now stands. The first pale faces who cameamong us spoke no English. They came in a large canoe, when my fathers had buriedthe tomahawk with the red men around them. Then, Hawkeye,” he continued, betrayinghis deep emotion, only by permitting his voice to fall to those low, guttural tones, whichhis language, as spoken at times, so very musical; “then, Hawkeye, we were one people,and we were happy. The salt lake gave us its fish, the wood its deer, and the air its birds.We took wives who bore us children; we he Great Spirit; and we kept the Maquasbeyond the sound of our songs of triumph.”“Know you anything of your own family at that time?” the white. “But you arejust a man, for an Indian; and as I suppose you hold their gifts, your fathers must havebeen brave , and wise men at the council-fire.”“My tribe is the grandfather of nations, but I am an unmixed man. The blood ofchiefs is in my veins, where it must stay forever The Dutch landed, and gave my peoplethe fire-water; they drank until the heavens and the earth seemed to meet, and theyfoolishly thought they had found the Great Spirit. Then they parted with their land.Foot by foot, they were driven back from the shores, until I, that am a chief and aSagamore, have never seen the sun shine but through the trees, and have never visitedthe of my fathers.”“Graves bring solemn feelings over the mind,” returned the scout, a good dealtouched at the calm suffering of his companion; “and they often aid a man in his goodintentions; though, for myself, I expect to leave my own bones unburied, to bleach inthe woods, or to be torn asunder by the wolves. But where are to be found those of yourrace who came to their kin in the Delaware country, so many summers since?”“Where are the blossoms of those summers!--fallen, one by one; so all of myfamily departed, each in his turn, to the land of spirits. I am on the hilltop and must godown into the valley; and when Uncas follows in my footsteps there will no longer beany of the blood of the Sagamores, for my boy is the last of the Mohicans.”Work on wordsmute adj [2mju:t]dignity n [2dIgnItI]warrior n [2wO:rI@]1. not speaking or not willing to speak; 2. soft, not loud. mutedvoice: They spoke in muted voicesimpressive behaviour, usually of sb who controls their emotionsin a difficult situation: She faced his death with dignity. Sheadmitted that she was wrong with dignity.a soldierWORDS NOT TO BE CONFUSEDdemand v to ask firmly for sth: I demand an explanation.require v (usually not in the cont. form) 1. to need: Is there anything you require?2. to ask or order sb to do sth (often in the passive voice): All passengers are requiredto show their tickets.70

1. Insert the words.1. The situation … that I go there at once.2. She .. an immediate explanation.3. They … to know what I was doing in their house.4. “Why did you do it?” she … angrily.5. This sort of things …. great patience.6. All cars … regular servicing.7. The workers are … better pay.8. The employer ... higher wayes.ListeningListen to the extract from the poem “The Song of Hiawatha” by Longfellow.Song of HiawathaHenry Wadsworth LongfellowIn the vale of Tawasentha,In the green and silent valley,By the pleasant water-courses,Dwelt the singer Nawadaha.Round about the Indian villageSpread the meadows and cornfields,And beyond them stood the forest,Stood the groves of singing pine-trees,Green in Summer, white in WinterEver sighing, ever singing.Vocabularyvale – valleydwelt – livedgrove – a small woodpine-trees – ëá×ÇÝ»ñsigh – Ñá·áó ѳݻÉAnswer the questions.1. Did you like the poem?2. Did the Indians like their land?3. Why did they like it?Read the text and do the exerciseWe the peopleThere was no United States of America in the early 1770 and the name of thecountry – the United States of America – wasn’t used until 1776. Before that Americanshad no Constitution, no States, no national government. There lived in thirteen colonieswhich stretched from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi. They were not independent71

then. Great Britain was a powerful country more than two thousand miles away acrossthe Atlantic ocean and ruled the American colonies. It ruled the American colonies from1607 to 1776, more than 150 years. During much of this time Great Britain was busywith problems in Europe. Leaders in the American colonies learnt to govern themselves.They had brought British customs and law with them to America.There were many important leaders in early America, for example BenjaminFranklin and George Washington. They were founders because they helped to establishthe country. They led the fight to free the country from British rule. Meanwhile theEnglish taxed the goods that came to North America. This made the people in Americaangry. “Why must we pay the taxes to the government in England?” they complained,and in 1776 the War of Independence began. George Washington became the commander- in - chief of the American Army. The Americans fought with alternate success.The English finally left the country in 1783.On 4 July, 1776 representatives from 13 American colonies signed a documentwhich said the colonies no longer belonged to Britain. It was in fact a letter addressedto the king, George III. It became known as the Declaration of Independence. In thisdocument the Americans declared they wouldn’t obey the king. They had the right tochoose their own government. Something new was under the sun, a system ofgovernment in Lincoln’s words “of the people, by the people and for the people.” In theDeclaration it was accepted that all men were created equal and God had given themcertain rights and among them are life, liberty and the right of happiness.Since then 4 July is celebrated in the USA as Independence Day.True or false?1. The name of the country appeared in 1776.2. The Constitution was written in the first half of the eighteenth century.3. At first, they were more then a dozen colonies.4. The Americans ruled Great Britain.5. According to the Declaration men have equal rights.Did you know?The US Constitution was written by fifty-five men who met at PhiladelphiaConvention in 1787. In four months they wrote the Constitution which has lasted over200 years. Many of these were leaders during the Revolution and later became leadersin their states. The most important delegates to the Convention were George Washington,James Madison and Benjamin Franklin. They were all for a strong national government.found [faund] vWork on wordscomplain [kÀm´plein] vSt. Petersburg was founded by Peter the Great. Yerevan wasfounded by Argishti. founder n: They all respected him asthe founder of that hospital.She complained of a terrible head ache. complaint n: Hercomplaints about the noise in the street get on my nerves.72

sign [sain] vaddress [À´dres] vdeclare [di´klÄÀ] vequal [´i:kwÀl] adjThey signed the papers before sending them. The paperswere signed by the headmaster. signature [´signitÈÀ] n: Theysent the letters to the manager for signature. She was askedto put her signature to the letter.You shouldn’t read letters addressed to other people. address[À´dres] n: What’s your home address? Let me know if youchange your address.He declared the results of the elections. He declared themeeting open. declaration [,deklÀ´reiÈÀn] n: Nobodyexpected the declaration of the war on Russia by Germany.All people must have equal rights. equally adv: They knewthe language equally well.1. Translate into English.µáÕáù, ëïáñ³·ñ»É, ѳí³ë³ñ, ÑÇÙݳ¹ñ»É, ëïáñ³·ñáõÃÛáõÝ, ѳí³ë³ñ³å»ë,ÑÇÙݳ¹Çñ, ѳëó», µáÕáù»É, ѳëó»³·ñ»É:2. Match the words in column A with their explanations in column B.Adeclarecomplainsignequaldeclarationsignature3. Choose the right word.Bsay that something is wrongdeclaringpersons name written by himselfmake known clearly or formally, announcethe same in size, degree, number, etc.write one’s name on a document to show that he is a writer1. Who was these theatre found/founded by?2. He found/founded the book interesting.3. They intend to fi nd / found a gallery of modern art in their city.4. Shliemann was trying to fi nd/found the ancient Troy.5. The city of Erebouni was found/founded by Argishti I.<strong>Focus</strong> on FunctionHow to avoid being categoric?a. You have already learnt how to express your opinions. But whileexpressing your opinion try not to be categoric. Here are some ways of doing it.AgreementDisagreementI quite agree./ That’s true/ That’s it. I’m afraid I can’t accept it.You’re so right./ I understand what you mean but ___.73

I couldn’t agree more. On the whole I agree, but ___.I can’t agree with you.b. People talkA: You know, Bob, I’m tired of doing English exercises at home. I think you learnmore by talking in class than by doing them.B: I can’t agree with you. I think that doing exercises helps to learn the languagebetter.A: I’m not sure. I think Grammar rules don’t help with speaking.B: I understand what you mean, but you can’t speak without grammar.A: Doing the same things many times always makes me sick.B: Yes, that’s true, but if you want to speak the language, I think you should know itwell. No pains, no gains.A: I don’t know if you are right or not, but believe me – in fact you learn more from lifethan from books.B: There is some truth in what you say, but on the whole I can’t agree with you.c. Express your agreement or disagreement,1. Winter skiing is a boring sport.2. Boxing is hard and cruel.3. Ararat is a good football team.4. Television is the greatest invention of the century.5. Folk music is primitive.6. Monuments and works taken from Greece must be returned to Greece.<strong>Focus</strong> on GrammarRevisionSo/Neither do IWe use so to agree with affirmative statements, neither to agree with negativestatements.If be (have, do, can, could, should, will, must, etc.) is used in the statement, we usea form of the same verb after so or neither.If the verb in the statement is an ordinary verb (see, have, like, know, or used to),we use a form of do after so and neither.Example: I know English. I don’t know English.So do I. Neither do I.I’m fond of reading. I am not tired.So am I. Neither am I.74

1. Likes and dislikes. Complete the short answers with the correct verb.1. Jenny doesn’t like mice. 3. Diana can’t bear cats.Neither ____Ann. Neither ____ I.2. Ann hates snakes. 4. Lily is afraid of dogs.So ____ Peter.5. I dislike bees.So ____ I.So ____ her sister.2. Fill in the table. What frightens you? your friend? your parents?You Your friend Your parentsdeep waterbeing alonehorsesheightslightningladdersratsfirethunderflyingdarknessExample: I am not afraid of deep water.Neither is my friend.Neither are my parents.I think so/I’m afraid.We also make short answers with so (with the verbs think, expect, hope, suppose,be afraid). We cannot leave out so.Example: Do you think we’ll be in time? I don’t think so.I think so.I’m afraid not.3. Answer the questions using I think so/I am afraid not.1. Do you know John?2. Do you think he knows Jane?3. Is he arriving tomorrow?4. Does he like bananas?5. Do you think he will manage to pass the exam?75

Reported Speech: introductory verbs• When introducing indirect statements the verbs tell sb/say can be replaced byother verbs:add assure sb observe protest continueanswer complain point out remark go onargue explain promise replyThese verbs can alsobe used in direct speech.• When introducing guest ions the verb ask can be replaced bywonder inquire want to knowThe verbs inquire, wonder ca n also be used in direct speech.4. Read the text and say what reporting verbs can be used instead of theverb say.1. “Your fathers came from the setting sun, crossed the big river, fought the peopleof the country, and took the land; and mine came from the red sky of the morning, overthe salt lake, and did their work much after the fashion that had been set them by yours.’’said Chingachgook, “Then God will judge the matter between us!”.2. “You have the story told by your fathers,” said the white man, coldly wavinghis hand. “What say your old men? Do they tell the young warriors that the pale facesmet the red men, painted for war and armed with the wooden gun?”3. “Listen, Hawkeye, and your ear shall drink no lie. ‘This what my fathers havesaid, and what the Mohicans have done.” He hesitated a single instant, and said, “Doesnot this stream at our feet run toward the summer, until its waters grow salt, and thecurrent flows upward?”4. “It can’t be denied that your traditions tell you true in both these matters,” saidthe white man; “for I have been there, and have seen them, though why water, which isso sweet in the shade, should become bitter in the sun, is an alteration for which I havenever been able to account.”76

UNIT 7 You Will Do it if You TryThere is a snow mountainReaching up into the sky.They say you cannot climbIt is too high.If you take it bit by bit,If you take it step by step,You’ll rich that distant peakIn time.Discussion point. Taking risksAnswer the questions.1. What are these persons doing?2. Do you think it is risky?3. Would you dare to do it?4. In what situation could you do it?Useful languageI’ll do it if ___I won’t do it unless ___It’s worth taking risks if ___You can achieve your aim.You can help a person.Nothing ventured, nothing gained 1How daring are you?Answer the questions to find out if you enjoy taking risks. Yes No1. Would you enter a dark room if you’re afraid to do it? 1 02. Would you start doing the work if it needs much effort? 1 03. Would you give up the work if it is risky? 0 14. Will you take up a risky sport like parachuting? 1 05. Do you get nervous when people drive slowly? 1 06. Do you make friends easily? 1 07. Do you like to be on stage? 1 08. Do you often wear unusual clothes? 1 00–3 - You do not take risks. Be careful: your life may be dull and boring.4–5 - You’re realistic about the results of risky steps you may take.6–7 - You like taking risks. Remember to be sensible.8 - You are a desperado 2pic1 Nothing ventured, nothing gained – çáõñ ãÙïÝáÕÁ ÓáõÏ ãÇ áñëÇ2 desperado [,despÀ´ra:dou] – Ë»ÝÃ, áãÇÝãÇó ãí³Ë»óáÕ Ù³ñ¹77

Read the text and do the exercise.Before you read1. What makes some characters leap from the pages of books or films to live in ourimagination?2. How do they become such powerful archetypes that live forever through thegeneration?3. Do we learn something about ourselves and others when we consider why thecharacters speak clearly to us?4. Who is your favourite character in fiction?5. If you love somebody with a cupboard love, guess what the reasons may be.Gone with the Windby Margaret MitchellBackgroundGone with the Wind is one of the greatest American novels. It is a magnificenthistorical romance which centres round Scarlett O’Hara, a strong southern character.The novel is a story about the South, that land of ’plenty’ which was gone with thewinds of the Civil War when the southern states went to war with the North to defendtheir way of life. It was a happy way of life for them. Rich plantation owners prosperedon their huge plantations cultivated by the tears and sweat of their black slaves.I’m Never Going to be Hungry AgainFor a timeless time, she lay still, her face in the dirt, the sun beating hotly upon her,remembering things and people who were dead, remembering a way of living that wasgone forever - and looking upon the dark future.When she arose at last and saw again the black ruins of Twelve Oaks, her head wasraised high and something that was youth and beauty had gone out of her face forever.What was past was past. Those who were dead were dead. The lazy luxury of the olddays was gone never to return. And as Scarlett settled the heavy basket across her arm,she had settled her own mind and her own life.There was no going back, she was going forward.Throughout the South for fifty years there would be bitter-eyed women who lookedbackward to dead times, to dead men, bearing poverty 1 with pride because they hadthese memories. But Scarlett was never to look back.She looked at the blackened stones and, for the last time, she saw Twelve Oaks risebefore her eyes as it had once stood, rich and proud. Then she started down the roadtoward Tara, the heavy basket cutting her hand.She felt hunger in her empty stomach again and she said aloud: “As God is mywitness 2 , as God is my witness, the Yankees aren’t going to beat me. I’m going to live1 poverty [´pÁvÀti] - ³Õù³ïáõÃÛáõÝ2 witness [´witnis] - íϳ78

through this and when it’s over I’m never going to be hungry again. No, nor any of myfolks.”Comprehension1. Choose the correct answer.1. Scarlett O’Hara wasa. strong and risky b. weak and lazy c. shy and fearful2. She was thinking about futurea. with hope b. with fear c. with calmness3. Twelve Oaks stood before hera. rich and proud b. blackened and ruined c. new and repairet4. The day wasa. hasty b. cool c. hotAnswer the questions.1. What kind of book is the text from?2. When do you think it might have been written?3. What do you think the situation is?4. Does the passage make you want to read more?Write onMake a plan for the narration. Describe the key relationships<strong>Focus</strong> on WordsWords of love1. Arrange the words to show the degree of feeling.adore, admire, care for, be fond of, keen on mad about, devoted to, feel affectionfor, fall for,cupboard love - means you love someone for the wrong reasons2. Words in use.Read about the opinions of the readers of their favourite heroes.She is such a strong and feisty woman. There aren’t enough of those in the fiction.She is selfish, hard and scheming and that makes her all the more real. She’s caughtbetween two men and loves the wrong one until it’s too late. Of course she is no goddessbut she is very real.79

I’m not much of a reader, so I’m afraid all my fictional heroes and heroines are fromthe movies. but I’ve got hundreds. I’ve always had a soft spot for Princess Leia in theStar Wars films.Now tell about your favourite character.USEFUL LANGUAGEMy all-time favourite isShe gets my votesThe author’s favourite isWork on wordsdistance [´distÀns] ndare [´dÄÀ] vdespair [dis´pÄÀ] nforever [fÀr´evÀ] advruin [´ru:in] nyouth [´ju:q] nforward [´fÁ:wÀd] advThe house stands on a hill and can be seen from a distance oftwo miles. at a distance: He noticed a big ship at a distance.in the distance: He saw something strange in the distance.no distance: It is easy to get to the station, no distance at all.distant (from) adj: The school is three miles distant.He didn’t dare (to) go. I wonder how he dares (to) say sucha thing I haven’t dared to ask him such a question. daring[´dÄÀriË] adj: He had a daring character and always maderisky decisions.He was filled with despair when he read about her illness.After her pet’s unexpected death she was in despair.desperate adjAfter his wife’s death he left the city forever. He decided toforget about it forever.After the war they had to build a lot of buildings as the townwas in ruins. ruin [ru:in] v: The floods in Italy ruined manyvaluable paintings. Our plans for camping will be ruined ifit rains tomorrow. You’ll ruin your future if you continue tobe so foolish.A group of youths were standing at the corner of the street.When we were making a tour of Germany, we stayed inyouth hostels.He stepped forward to help the old lady with her suitcase.Ant.: backward.backward [´bÊkwÀd] adv Walking through the forest she looked backwards over hershoulder to see whether the children were following her.Ant.: forward.through [Tru:] prepThe River Thames flows through London. The road goesthrough the forest. He won’t live through the night. Thechildren are too young to sit through a long concert.80

1. Translate into English.»ñÇï³ë³ñ¹áõÃÛáõÝ, ³é³ç ݳۻÉ, ·Ý³É ³Ýï³éÇ ÙÇçáí, »ñÇï³ë³ñ ¹³-Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³Ï³ó³ñ³Ý, ˳÷³Ý»É Ù»ÏÇ åɳÝÝ»ñÁ, Ý»ñë ÙïÝ»É å³ïáõѳÝÇó,Ñáõë³Ñ³ïáõÃÛáõÝ, ѳٳӳñÏí»É, ѳٳñ»É, ϳñÍ»É, ÷ɳï³ÏÝ»ñ,ÏáñÍ³Ý»É Ù»ÏÇ ³å³·³Ý:2. Match the words in column A with their explanations in column B.Adaredaringdespairforeverthroughforwardto ruinbackwardyouthruinBbe brave enough tobrave, adventurous, riskyyoung men and womenin the direction of the backalways at all times, endlesslydamage completelyin the direction of the frontserious damagefrom the beginning to the end,the state of having lost hope3. Find the opposites in the text.full, forward, put down, alive, poor, finish, always, forget, northern.4. Paraphrase the italicized words.1. He was brave enough to tell us the whole truth.2. Don’t lose your hope. You haven’t missed all your chances yet.3. He was thought to be one of the best writers of his time.4. I will remember you endlessly after what you have done for me.5. Nowadays young men and women have chances to get education abroad.6. The flood seriously damaged the bridge.7. I can’t stay from the beginning to the end of the meeting.Words not to be confused: through – threw – though – throw – true –thorough5. Insert one of these words.1. Who –– the chewing-gum on thefloor?2. –– it was raining, we went out of awalk.3. They had to look –– all the newspapersto find the information they needed.4. She had to –– away all my papers.5. They didn’t hope he would live –– theaccident.6. All her dreams came ––.7. He gave her room a –– cleaning.81

Word - buildingRevision6. Fill in the words given below in their correct forms.At the age of fourteen my most loved book was the Adventures ofTom Sawyer, a novel by Mark Twain, one of America’s greatest authors.Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, on the Mississippi River.The novel is the — of the River in those days. Although the book waswritten over one hundred years, ago, its story is still —— today. The mainwonderexcitetruedifferentdescribecharacters of the book are Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. They go through manyadventures: cemeteries, caves and even buried treasures.It is —— difficult to put the book down once you are caught up by Tom’s story.Tom seems as real to me as one my friends. As the story progresses Tom’s characterbegins to change: from that of a naughty boy to a person who is not —— to people andcares about them.<strong>Focus</strong> on phoneticsTranscribe and read the words below.through, folk, luxury, stomach, bear, tear, sweat, south, southern, war.Read and retell the text.Margaret Mitchell – The author of Gone with the WindMargaret Mitchell didn’t write much but her only novel Gone with the Windbecame the talking point of all America immediately after it was published. Since thenit is considered to be one of the most widely read novels. The novel she wrote wasdevoted to something she knew very well.She was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in the family of the president of the AtlantaHistorical Society. The family was interested in American history and since herchildhood she heard a lot about the events of the Civil War. After graduating fromcollege she started to work for the Atlanta Journal. In the following years she put pen topaper trying to write stories about the American Civil War. Later all these stories wereunited in her famous novel Gone with the Wind. The novel was a great success. Threeyears later it was made into a highly successful film.She lived all her life in her native Atlanta enjoying the respect and love of hercompatriots. She died in 1949 in a car crash.Readers were always eager to see the sequel 1 of the novel or the film. In early1990s Alexandra Ripley, a historical novelist, was chosen to do the job. The novel canhardly be compared with Gone with the Wind, but still it was popular with the public.1 sequel [´si:kwÀl] n ß³ñáõݳÏáõÃÛáõÝ82

Project work: America’s best ever1. Who are these writers? What have they written?Edgar Allen PoeJack LondonWilliam FaulknerJohn Salinger2. What other American writers do you know?See Some More Reading, p. ...<strong>Focus</strong> on GrammarSyntaxComplex Sentences1. Fill in the gaps with the following words: while, thoug , as, not only ___but also, after, that.Vivien Leigh and Gone with the WindGone with the Wind was –––– an epic portrait of the American Civil War, –––– astory about people who had to live through it. It was also a romantic love story. ––––Scarlett loves the quiet gentlemanly Ashley Wilkies, the eager adventurous Rhett Butleris in love with her. ––– Ashley marries his cousin Melanie and –––– many adventures,Scarlett marries Rhett. ––– she agrees to marry him, she does it only for money. –––their marriage is stormy, Rhett walks out on her in the end. It was only by that time –––Scarlett realises who she really loves.Immediately ––– the book appeared it was made into a very successful film.An English actress Vivien Leigh who starred in this film impressed everybody withher acting. Vivien Leigh’s talent revealed itself in this role. ––– she won her popularityby many films, such as Waterloo Bridge, Lady Hamilton and others, this film remainsone of her best. She was awarded the Oscar for Gone with the Wind.Real Conditiona. Something that is true.If + present, + presentExample: If I eat too much, I get fat.ºÃ» »ë ß³ï »Ù áõïáõÙ, ã³Õ³ÝáõÙ »Ù:If you are travelling to Liverpool, change at London.ºÃ» ¹áõù ·ÝáõÙ »ù ÈÇí»ñåáõÉ, ï»Õ÷áË Ï³ï³ñ»ù ÈáݹáÝáõÙ:If you have come from Paris, collect your luggage now.ºÃ» ¹áõù ö³ñǽÇó »ù »Ï»É, í»ñóñ»ù Ó»ñ áõÕ»µ»éÁ:83

If + past simple, + past simpleExample: If the wind blew from the north, the room was cold.ºÃ» ù³ÙÇÝ ÷ãáõÙ ¿ñ ÑÛáõëÇëÇó, ë»ÝÛ³ÏáõÙ óáõñï ¿ñ:b. Something that is possible.If + present, + futureExample: If you work hard, you will pass the exam.ºÃ» ç³Ý³ë»ñ ³ß˳ï»ë, ùÝÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÏѳÝÓÝ»ë:If + present, + imperativeExample: If you park your car here, lock it.2. Make up sentences expressing real condition.Mr. and Mrs. Mason from New York want to spend a holiday in England but theycan’t agree about where to stay Mrs Mason wants to stay at a hotel on the coast whileMr. Mason wants to go to a farm cottage in the countryside. They are looking throughthe guidebooks.If you want a luxury home with a swimming pool, a cottage with roses round thedoor, a fisherman’s cottage, a modern house or apartment you can find them all in ourfree colour guidebook.Mrs. Mason: Listen, dear, if we go to the hotel, we shall eat in a restaurant.Mr. Mason: Yes, I know. But if we go to the farm, we shall eat good farm freshfoods.Mrs. Mason: Yes, but if ––– to the hotel, we –––.Continue this dialogue.Language materialgo fishing/go to the theatresswim in the river/swim in the seado shopping/ride a horsego dancing/walk in the woods.<strong>Focus</strong> on FunctionStory tellingWhen you tell a story you must show its beginning, middle and the end. Here aresome useful words.The beginning: first, first of all, after, after that.The middle: then, and then, after, after that.The end: finally, at the end, at last / in the end.84

Example: When he got home, fi rst he put down his case, then he tookoff his coat and fi nally he went into the dining-room and sat in the armchair.Read the story about Abraham Lincoln and retell it.Honest AbeA house divided against itself cannot standOf all the presidents in the history of the US Abraham Lincoln is probably the onethat Americans remember best and with the deepest love and respect. His life is anexcellent example of the American dream. He was a self-made man. Without advantageof education or birth, it was only through his will-power, genius and great energy thathe reached the top of society.He spent the first years of his life in a simple log cabin in the middle of the forestin Kentucky. At the beginning of the nineteenth century the midwest was a wild andunsettled frontier 1 . The family of Lincoln had to clear the woods for farmlands. “I wasgrowing with an axe in my hand,” Lincoln used to say.As a child Lincoln didn’t go to school though he was eager to study but he usedevery chance to read books.When he was seventeen years old, the family moved to Springfield, Illinois, wherehe set up a store. He soon noticed that people liked to hear him talk. His power ofspeech helped him to choose his future career, politics and law.In 1834 he was elected into the House of Representatives and he began studying tobecome a lawyer. In this way Abraham Lincoln began his mission to become thesixteenth president of the US. He was president of the USA during the American CivilWar between the southern and the northern American states.Slavery was a burning question in American politics at that time. The northernstates of the USA were against slavery and wanted to abolish 2 it. The southern statesopposed them. The war was not only over abolition of slavery but also for the rights ofthe states to make their own choice. Lincoln knew that slavery was the greatest evil forthe country. In 1862 the war began and four bitter years had passed before it ended. Forthe four years the Civil War president shouldered an almost unbearable burden 3 ofdefeats before he brought the country to the victory.Lincoln’s courage and belief in victory won the day 4 . He achieved his aim andunited the country but was killed a year later.Work on wordswill [wil] nset up [´set ´Íp] vHe has a strong will. He showed a strength of will that overcamediffi culties.After the war he came back to his native town and set up abusiness.1 frontier [frÍn´tiÀ] – ë³ÑÙ³Ý2 abolish [À´bÁliÈ] – í»ñ³óÝ»É3 burden [´bÀ:dn] – µ»é4 won the day – ѳÕûó85

slave [sleiv] nevil [´i:vl] adjbear [bÄÀ] vbitter [´bitÀ] adjachieve [À´tÈi:v] vShe worked like a slave to make a living. The slaves couldn’t livein such conditions any more and decided to run away. slavery[´sleivÀri] n: He was sold into slavery.He lived an evil life and wasted all his money.(bore, borne) I can’t bear his lies. John was afraid that he wouldnot be able to bear the operation. unbearable [un´bÄÀrÀbl] adj: Ifi nd his lies unbearable. The cold was unbearable. Syn. tolerateThe coffee was bitter and he asked for some more sugar. He couldn’tforgive her the bitter words she had said to him. Bitter tears randown her cheeks.He will never achieve anything because he is very lazy. He achievedsuccess in his life because he is very hard–working. achievement[À´tÈi:vmÀnt] n: He had great achievements in science because hewas very talented.Words not to be confused: First, at first, for the first timeAt first is used to talk about the beginning of a situation when we are making acontrast with what happens or happened later.Example: At fi rst they were happy, but then things went wrong.In other cases fi rst is usually used.Example:John didn’t notice the bear, I noticed it fi rst.I fi rst met her at a party in Oxford. ( = for the first time)Last, at lastLast is contrasted with fi rst.Example: When did you last see her?I am to speak last at the meeting.At last suggests very strongly the idea of impatience resulting from a long wait.Example: Jack has passed his exams at last.When at last they found him, he was seriously ill.1. Match the words with their explanations.will-powerslaveslaveryevilbearbitterset upunbearablea person who belongs to somebody and serves him/herstand; go throughstarthard to bear; tasting like unsweetened coffeecondition of being a slavebad, harmfulcontrol over oneselfdifficult or impossible to bear86

2. Fill in the gaps with the words on the left in their correct forms.The days in –– seemed ––. His mind was full of –– thoughts. Theywere in the hands of an –– man. And they didn’t expect anything goodfrom him.Though they lived in terrible conditions his –– and courage filledeverybody with hope. And he began to think of the plan to run away.3. Fill in the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs below.succeed, manage, reach, achieve1. I ––– very good results in the exam.2. She ––– in passing her driving test.3. After long talks the two sides ––– an agreement.4. They –––– the lake before dark.5. The bakery was closed. I didn’t ––– to get any bread.4. Fill in the gaps with the correct word: first, at first, for the first time.When later he was asked if he was afraid to enter the burning house, David said,“To tell the truth, –– I got frightened, but a few minutes later I thought about what to do.–– I called the fire brigade, then I rushed into the house. When I came out with ababy in my arms, I thought I had done something real in my life ____.5. Fill in the gaps with the correct word: last, at last1. When I –– saw her, she looked happy. She told me that she had found aninteresting job ––.2. Though she was –– to speak at the meeting, her speech was the best. Everybodyaccepted that they heard something useful –––.Presentationbitterevilslaveryunbearablewill-powerHow much do you know about the slavery in the USA?1. The majority of black slaves came to the USA in the –– century.a. seventeenth b. eighteenth c. nineteenth2. They worked mainlya. on cotton plantations b. on cattle farms c. in mining3. The slaves came mainly froma. Africa b. Australia c. Asia4. Slavery was ended aftera. the War of Independence b. the Civil War c. the First World War87

Did you know?Martin Luther King hated violence since childhood. He struggled against itthroughout his life. His dream was to see the black Americans integrated 1 with theirwhite compatriots. In 1964 he was awarded the Nobel Prize. He was the first to take aNegro child by the hand to the ’white’ school. His finest hour was in August 1963 when200,000 black and white people gathered in Washington and listened to his famousspeech “I have a dream” at the Lincoln Memorial.“I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaningof its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal.”I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slavesand the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at the table ofbrotherhood.I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where theywill not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character.”Sing with usWe shall overcomeWe shall overcome.We shall overcome.We shall overcome some day.Deep in my heart I do believeWe shall overcome one day.We shall live in peace.We shall live in peace.We shall live in peace some day.Cause deep in my heart I do believeThat we shall live in peace one day.We’ll walk hand in hand.We’ll walk hand in hand.We’ll walk hand in hand some day.Deep in my heart I do believeWe’ll walk hand in hand some day.<strong>Focus</strong> on GrammarTrouble SpotUnlessI shall not tell her about it, unless she asks me.(I’ll tell her about it only if she asks me).ºë Ýñ³Ý ã»Ù ³ëÇ ¹ñ³ Ù³ëÇÝ, »Ã» ݳ ÇÝÓ Ñ³ñó ãï³:1 integrate [´intigreit]– ÙdzóÝ»É88

John doesn’t eat fish unless he is very hungry.æáÝÁ áõïáõÙ ¿ ÓáõÏ ÙdzÛÝ »Ã» ß³ï ëáí³Í ¿:1. Complete the sentences.1. I shall not ring her up unless ___ .2. John didn’t go to bed unless ___ .3. They won’t leave for the seaside unless ___ .Explanation: Unreal conditionWhen you imagine a situation which is not real, you use the structure if + PastSimple, + would / could + verb. The meaning of such sentences is present or future.Example: If I had more time, I would read the book.ºÃ» ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï Å³Ù³Ý³Ï áõݻݳÛÇ, Ïϳñ¹³ÛÇ ³Ûë ·ÇñùÁ (³ÛÅ٠ϳ٠ѻïá):If it didn’t rain, we could go for a walk (it is raining now).ºÃ» ³ÝÓñ¨ ã·³ñ, Ù»Ýù ϷݳÛÇÝù ½µáë³ÝùÇ:Remember!Example:After I / he / she / it both was and were may be used.If I was / were you, I would buy that coat.2. Translate into Armenian.1. If I didn’t go to the party, they would be hurt.2. If you took more exercise, you would feel healthier.3. If I went to bed now, I wouldn’t sleep.4. If it stopped raining, we could go out for a walk.5. If he was offered the job, I think he would take it.6. If I sold my car, I would not get much money for it.3. Match the two parts of the sentences.1. If you went by a taxi, a. I would go there.2. If I knew the answer, b. we would have a nice garden.3. If it didn’t rain, c. I would mind travelling by train.4. If I were you, d. you would get there in no time.5. If trains were comfortable and fast, e. we could save money.6. If we didn’t waste so much electricity, f. we could have lunch in the garden.7. If we lived in the country, g. I would tell you.4. Complete the sentences.1. If I were beautiful, I could take part in a beauty competition.2. If he had a car, ___ .3. If she were ready, ___ .4. If there were fewer cars in the city, ___ .5. If you came in time, ___ .89

6. If he spoke slower, ___ .7. If I knew computer, ___ .5. Complete the sentences.1. I could wake up early tomorrow if ___ .2. Everybody would laugh if ___ .3. I would get this job if ___ .4. You could be in time for work if ___ .5. I would feel fit if ___ .6. She could buy more clothes if ___ .7. The cake would taste better if ___ .6. Use the verbs in the correct forms.1. If you (come) earlier tomorrow, we (do) a lot of work.2. If I (know) his phone number, I (ring) him up.3. If my father (find) a good job, we could have a nice holiday.4. If I (have) money, I (lend) it to you.5. If she (finish) her work soon, we (can go) to the disco.90

Unit 8Cities and supercitiesCities are different and sometimes it is sufficient to see a small corner of a city tosay what city it is.Can you recognise the cities above?Answer the questions.1. What city has over 400 bridges?2. Which is the sister city of Yerevan?3. What city is sinking?4. What city consists of 90 islands?5. Which city was built by Peter the Great?6. Can you name a state within a city?Read the answers on page ... .Discussion pointA Great Place to Live?Tastes differ. Some people like to live in supercities which give them betteropportunities for a good job, more chances to realise themselves and a variety ofentertaintment. They can’t imagine their life without streams of fashionable cars, livelycrowds of people, impressive skyscrapes and brightly illuminated streets. Others prefersmall towns and villages with much green and cosy low-rise buildings. They enjoy aquiet peaceful life and they like to see faces familiar to them since their childhood.<strong>Focus</strong> on words. Doing the city1. Collecting words. Collect as many words as possible.What can you do in the city? make a tour (of), wandervisit places of interest, ... do the cityadmire a splendid view ofgo on a tour round the citygo sightseeingkeep an eye open for...2. Arranging the words. Arrange the words to remember them better.Towns can be convenient places to live in because they have many facilities.Sports Cultural Educational Catering Otherskating rink theatre schools cafe job centre.... ... ... ... ....91

estaurant, chemist’s, car park, opera house, evening classes, tennis court, library,dance hall disco, hotel, golf course, school, swimming pool, radio station, health centre,football pitch, museum.Can you add anything else?2. Words in use:a. What kind of city is ___?Teheran, Echmiadzin, Oxford, Tokyo, Sochi.University / cathedral / capital / seaside / supercityb. Match a city (or a country) and an activity.Egyptwatch a bullfightMiamivisit the pyramidsPariswalk along Arbat streetMoscowlie on the beachSpainvisit mother-cathedralEchmiadzinadmire the palaces.c. What are these cities famous for?Stratford-upon-Avon, Los Angeles, Gumri, Hollywood.Shakespeare’s birthplace/humour/the cinema/a lot of Armenians/d. What city do you want to visit? Give a few reasons why.e. Match each notice with a place below.PleaseForeign exchange no dogs Camping siteno smokingNo fishing no ices Afternoon tea serverno flashThank youNo parking please Please keep off the Please do not feedgrassthe animalsa. by a lake e. in a museumb. on a road f. in a cafec. in a park g. in a zood. in a street h. in a bank92

Read the letters where Ann Lee and Susie Ball describe their impressions of thecities they are visiting.Dear Ann,Here I am at last. I’ve had a busy day doing the city. A lot of people warned methat New York is a dangerous, dirty city where you can’t go out after dark. As forme, I love the place. Of course, it’s not as clean as Plymouth, but it offers so manyopportunities. Jane says I’m the first person she has met who is crazy about the city.She has taken me to Manhattan 1 and I went up to the 112th floor of the EmpireState Building to have a look at the city. It was a fantastic sight. The whole city laybelow. Then we walked along Broadway to Times Square. It was evening, but itseemed it was daytime. The street was shining with advertisements.My strongest memory is of a boat trip on the Hudson River: the sight of NewYork at night with the skyscrapers against the dark sky takes your breath away.Tomorrow morning I shall be visiting the Metropolitan Museum and CentralPark.Love,SusyDear Susie,I’m writing to you from Dover. It is a small city. There are a lot ofhouses built still by first settlers.People are very helpful here.They seem to know each other. If youwish, you can go to Boston every weekend. At the moment I’m settlingdown.Love, AnnYour turn1. Do you prefer to live in a big or a small city? Why?2. What are the advantages of a big/small town?3. What are the disadvantages of living in a big/small town?4. What problems are there in big cities today?City to City1. The modern city of Amsterdam consists of 90 islands.2. In Venice there are more than 400 bridges connecting different parts of the city.3. Mexico City is sinking by 6 inches a year.4. The Vatican which is a state within a city is situated in Rome.5. St. Petersburg, the Venice of the North, was built by Peter the Great.6. Cambridge is the sister-city of Yerevan.93

Work on wordssufficient [s@ 2fiS@nt] adj Do we have sufficient food for ten people? Syn. enoughsink [siŋk] v(sank, sunk) Their ship sank during the storm. Wood doesnot sink in water. The sun was sinking in the west. He wassunk in thought and didn’t notice them enter.opportunity [ 2Áp@ 2tju:niti] n I had no opportunity to discuss the matter with her.chance [2tSA:ns] n He has no chance of winning that game. What are thechances that we shall succeed. This was the chance he didn’twant to miss. by chance: We met by chance yesterday.lively [ˈlaivli] adj Her story of their holidays was very lively. They had a verylively time at the party. Syn. vividsight [sait] nThe cherry trees in blossom are a wonderful sight. at firstsight: He fell in love with her at first sight. You have poorsight, you should wear spectacles. At the sight of the policethe robbers ran off. Syn. viewbelow [biˈlou] adv From the hill we saw the blue ocean below. The peopleliving in the room below are very noisy. below prep: Weshall meet a few yards below the bridge. Shall I write myname above or below the line?take one’s breath away The picture is so beautiful that it takes my breath away.1. Translate into English.ï»ë³ñ³Ý, Ý»ñù¨áõÙ, Ëáñï³Ïí»É, ѳí³Ý³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ, ³ßËáõÛÅ,å³ï³Ñ³µ³ñ, µ³í³Ï³Ý³ã³÷, ëáõ½í»É, ½í³ñÃ, ï»ëáÕáõÃÛáõÝ, ³é³çÇÝѳ۳óùÇó, ß³Ýë, Ùïù»ñáí ï³ñí³Í ÉÇÝ»É, Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ2. Match the words in column A with their explanations in column B.AlivelysinkbelowsufficientchanceopportunityBgo down below the waterchanceluckfull of life, cheerfulin or to a lower placeenough3. Paraphrase the italicized words.1. The stone the boy threw went down the water at once.2. The patient seems a little more cheerful this morning.3. Do you have enough money to buy that coat .4. We met him quite unexpectedly.5. I could go abroad and study.6. Night temperatures can drop lower than 15 degrees.94

ListeningListen to the text about New York and answer the questions.1. What parts does New York consist of?2. Why is the centre of New York called Manhattan?3. What famous streets are there in New York?4. Who was the Statue of Liberty presented by to America?5. What are the famous sights in New York?<strong>Focus</strong> on GrammarREVISIONArticles• Names with and without the.No articlenames of streetsnames of roadsnames of squares:names of churches:names of companiesthenames of theatresnames of galleriesnames of cinemasnames of museumsnames of placesnames of buildingsnames of newspapersOxford Street, BroadwayCromwell RoadRed Square, Trafalgar SquareSt.Paul’s CathedralSonythe National Theatrethe National Gallery of Armeniathe Moskvathe British Museumthe Tower of Londonthe Houses of Parliament.the TimesRemember: – No article is used with names places if the first word is the name ofa person or a place: Victoria Station, Westminster Palace, Hyde Park, London Zoo.– Some names are only used with the: the Kremlin, the Acropolis, the Pentagon– Names with of usually have the: the Museum of Modern Art1. Use the where necessary.1. Capitol in Washington D.C. contains chambers and offices of U.S. Senators andRepresentatives.2. Statue of Liberty welcoms the people of the world with the torch of liberty.3. Eiffel Tower was designed by Alexander Eiffel in the late 1800s.95

4. White House is the residence of the President of the U. S. located in WashingtonD.C.5. Beverly Hilton Hotel attracts elegance, wealth, movie stars and glamour .6. Museum of Modern Art modern works including paintings, sculptures, drawings,etc.7. Great Wall of China is the largest and most amazing landmark in the world.2. Where are these sights situated? Answer using articles wherenecessary.Acropolis, Kremlin, Broadway, White House, Westminster Abbey, British Museum,Hollywood3. Name a few streets, squares, museums, cinema-houses and theatres inYerevan.Revision Unreal Condition4. Put the verbs in brackets in correct forms.1. She (understand) everything, if you (explain) it to her.2. What you (do) if there (be) a fire in the building.3. Where you (to go) if you (visit) London.4. We (stay) at the hotel if it (not to cost) so much money.5. If you (invite) Bill, we (have) to invite his friends too.5. Translate into English.1. ºÃ» ×ßÙ³ñïáõÃÛáõÝÝ ÇٳݳÛÇ, ϳë»Ç Ó»½:2. æáÝÁ Ïû·Ý»ñ Ó»½, »Ã» Å³Ù³Ý³Ï áõݻݳñ:3. سÛñÇÏÁ Ͻ³Ûñ³Ý³ñ, »Ã» Çٳݳñ, ÇÝã ¿ å³ï³Ñ»É:4. ºÃ» ݳ ³í»ÉÇ ¹³Ý¹³Õ Ëáë»ñ, Ù»Ýù Ñ»ßïáõÃÛ³Ùµ ÏѳëϳݳÛÇÝù Ýñ³Ý:5. ºÃ» Ýñ³Ýù Ù»ù»Ý³ ãáõݻݳÛÇÝ, ã¿ÇÝ Ï³ñáճݳ ³Û¹ù³Ý ׳ݳå³ñ-Ñáñ¹»É:Infinitive6. Translate into Armenian.1. It would be really useful for her to have a microwave oven.2. It is kind of you to invite us for the weekend.3. It would be wise of me to keep an eye on him.4. It’s careless of him to lose the book.5. It’s important for her to spend time with her children.96

7. Super. Put in the missing words in the advertisement using theinfinitive.This year come on holiday with us.You’ll have nothing to do.You’ll have plenty to do.1. No jobs to do. 1. A first class hotel to stay in.2. No meals –––. 7. Super restaurant ––.3. No dirty plates –––. 8. Wonderful shows –––.4. No floors –––. 9. Miles of beaches –––.5. No shopping –––. 10. Lots of interesting places –––.6. No clothes –––. 11. A warm sea –––.Reported Speech8. Hard work. Rewrite the text using direct speech.Willis asked Curtis and Dolson to come into his office for a minute, Curtis agreed ifWillis didn’t take too long. Dolson mentioned that he had a lot of work to do.Willis told the policemen to sit down and shut the door. Willis wanted to know whatthey were going to do about the bank robbery. Dolson said they must arrest Warren.Willis advised them not to hurry and follow Warren a little more. Dolson said that wastoo dangerous because Warren could understand what was happening. Willis advisedthem to be more careful and to get on with the job.Example: Willis said to Curtis and Dolson, “Will you come into my offi ce for a moment,please?”9. Sightseeing. Translate the texta. from Armenian into English.b. from English into Armenian where necessary.Ann visited Boston in the USA. Ann had learnt English only for a year. So herEnglish was not very good. Andy knows Armenian and English and sometimes he hadto translate for her especially when she was talking to Mr. Stoppard.Mr. Stoppard: This Saturday we are going to see Harvard University and theKennedy museum. Two years ago we were in this museum but I don’t know if Andyremembers it.Andy: (to father): I can’t say that I remember it well. (to Ann)гÛñÇÏë ³ëáõÙ ¿,...Ann:ºë ß³ï Ïó³ÝϳݳÛÇ ï»ëÝ»É Ð³ñí³ñ¹Ç ѳٳÉë³ñ³ÝÁ:¸³ Çëϳå»ë Ñ»ï³ùñùÇñ ¿: ºë ÝáõÛÝå»ë áõñ³Ë »Ù, áñϳÛó»É»Ýù ø»Ý»¹ÇÇ Ã³Ý·³ñ³ÝÁ:Andy: Ann says ...Mr. Stoppard: Ask Ann if she knows anything about Kennedy.Andy: ²Ýݳ, ...97

Ann:Andy: ...Ann:Andy: ...Mr. Stoppard:Andy: ...Ann:Ann: ...²Ûá, ѳÛñë ÇÝÓ å³ïÙ»É ¿ñ ²Ù»ñÇϳÛÇ å³ïÙáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ:ÆëÏ »ë ³Ûëï»Õ ·³Éáõó ³é³ç ÙÇ ·Çñù »Ù ϳñ¹³ó»É²Ù»ñÇϳÛÇ Ñ³ÛïÝÇ Ý³Ë³·³ÑÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ:²Û¹ ·ñùáõ٠ϳÛÇÝ ß³ï Ñ»ï³ùñùÇñ ï»Õ»ÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÈÇÝÏáÉÝÇ, èáõ½í»ÉïÇ ¨ ø»ÝÝ»¹ÇÇ Ù³ëÇÝ:Andy, tell Ann that the museum is on the bank of the Charles River.It has a beautiful modern architecture. And she will learn a lot aboutKennedy and his life there.ºë ³Ýã³÷ áõñ³Ë ÏÉÇݻ٠ï»ëÝ»É ³Û¹ µáÉáñÁ: ºÃ»»Õ³Ý³ÏÁ µ³ñ»Ýå³ëï ÉÇÝÇ, Ù»Ýù ß³ï ɳí ųٳݳÏϳÝóϳóÝ»Ýù:PresentationUrban problemsRead the text and translate it into Armenian.Look around you. What do you see? What do you hear? What do you smell? If youlive in a city, you hear the noise of traffic, you smell the pollution of cars and factories.The cities grow very quickly. Those living in the countryside move to the cities. Asa result, most cities are very crowded. People are driving more cars, burning more fuel,using more water and energy, eating more food, making more rubbish and producingmore things than ever before. Life in the city becomes more and more difficult. Thecities are running out of space. In every big city blocks of high-rise flats have been builtin large numbers to reduce the housing shortage. It was thought that it would help tosolve the problem of housing in the city, but very soon it became clear that these flats inthe clouds were not comfortable places for people, children especially, to live in. Manyof these houses are dull and faceless.Some governments are trying to limit growth in certain areas, as there are manyjobless people in the cities. This brings to the rise of crime in big cities, but still peopleare crowding in the cities faster than the cities can take them. What is the answer to thisproblem?What urban problems are mentioned in the text?98

<strong>Focus</strong> on words. Urban problems1. Collecting words. What worries people in big cities?slums, heavy traffi c, faceless housesdirty entranceshousing shortagecrimeparkingvandalismovercrowdingnoisewater supplyrubbishunemploymentthe homelessthe joblessbeggars2. Words in use.a. Describe the pictures and state the problem.b. If I were the mayor I would ___ . Complete the sentences.a. check the advertisements in the city to have them in Armenian,b. not allow to use so many packages,c. present a programme for young people on TV on how to economize,d. ___ move away the markets from the central streets,e. ___,f. ___.c. Read three letters to the editors.Write on. Write a letter to the editor about a problem that worries you.The Jazz Age and American DreamBefore you read1. What is meant, to your mind, by the Amercan dream?2. The post-war generation was called the lost generation. Can you guess why?Scan the text and do the exercisesThe Great Gatsby- the story of lost generation.BackgroundGreat Gatsby presents the rise and fall of Jay Gatsby, told in a first-person narrativeby Nick Carraway. Carraway reveals the story of a farmer’s son- turned racketeer,99

named Jay Gatz. His ill-got wealth is acquired solely to help him be accepted into thesophisticated, moneyed world of the woman he loves, Daisy Fay Buchanan. These areonly romantic illusions about the power of money to buy the love of Daisy-the “goldengirl” of his dreams. Fitzgerald masterly describes the indifference, cruelty and moralirresponsibility of the American society of the 1920s. America at this time experienceda cultural and lifestyle revolution. In the economic arena, the stock market boomed, therich spent money on parties and expensive cars.The automobile became a symbol ofglamour and wealth, and profits were made, both legally and illegally. The whirlwindof this post-World War I era is captured in Fitzgerald’s Gatsby, whose tragic life andviolent death foretell the end of that era. By the end of the novel Carraway recognizesthat Gatsby is superior to the Buchanans. Gatsby’s dream and reality is a the main topicof the book., the contrast between innocence and experience. The novel can be read overand over again.ContextThe narrator of the story rents a house on Long Island, New York, and finds himselfnext door to a huge mansion belonging to Jay Gatsby. Gatsby is an apparently rich andsuccessful businessman who regularly gives lavish parties at the mansion.There was music from my neighbour’s house through the summer nights. In hisblue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and thechampagne and the stars. At high tide in the afternoon I watched the guests diving fromthe tower of his raft, or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach. While his two motorboats slit the water of the Sound. On weekends, his Rolls-Royce became an omnibus,bearing parties to and from the city between nine in the morning and long past midnight,while the station wagon rushed to the station like a brisk yellow bug to meet all thetrains. And on Monday eight servants, including an extra gardener, scrubbed everythingcleaning the traces of the night before.Every Friday five crates of oranges and lemons arrived from a fruiterer in NewYork-every Monday these same oranges and lemons left his back door in a pyramid ofthe remains. There was a machine in the kitchen which could extract the juice of twohundred oranges in half an hour if a little button was pressed two hundred times by abutler’s thumb.At least once a fortnight a group of caterers came down with everything necessaryto make a Christmas tree of Gatsby’s enormous garden. By seven o’clock the orchestrahas arrived, no thin five-piece affair, a whole pitful of all possible instruments. Thelast swimmers have come in from the beach now and are dressing up stairs; the carsfrom New York are parked five deep in the drive, and already the halls and salons andverandas are shining with colours and hair bobbed in strange ways and shawls beyondthe dreams of Castile. The party is in full swing, floating cocktails everywhere, until theair is alive with chatter and laughter, and casual innuendo and introductions forgotten onthe spot cordial meetings between women who never knew each other’s names.100

Comprehension1. Read the whole and find the answers to these questions.1. Did Gatsby give the same kind of party every weekend?2. Were Gatsby’s guests well-familiar with each other? Who were they to yourmind?3. What kind of clothes did Gatsby’s guests wear?4. The visitors were impressed by the wealth rather than by the person, weren’tthey?5. Do you think the description of Gatsby’ part is positive or negative?6. What is the effect of changing the narrative from past tense to present tense in thelast paragraph?7. Is the story told in the first or /third person?8. Is the language direct or complex and rich? What is the tone of the passage?Write onWrite a summary of the extract.Mention the following things: the number of people, the cars, the food, theorchestra, the conversation. Do not give particular examples.1. Find in the textsomething worn around the shouldersoccupations done by peoplemeans of transport2. Choose the correct word from the word-family.exceptional adj unusual: The weather is exceptional for June. exceptionally advunusually: She is an exceptionally beautiful girl. except prep but not: He gets up earlyevery day except Sunday. exception n smth that in not included: There is no rule withoutexception.1. I enjoyed all his novel with the ____ of his last one.2. She cannot make any ________, cannot excuse any of you.3. My papers seem to be everywhere _________ where they oughtto be.4. Your cake was ________ tasty.5. Everyone was invited except me.6. I like to dance with the exception of the tango.exceptexceptionexceptionalexceptionally101

3. Write out the words which describe Scott Fitzgerald as a writer.4. Find in the texta. the adjectives that define the following nouns: magazine, writer, depression,scene, star, sense, classic, story,b. the adverbs that define the following verbs and adjectives: think, talented,explain, regard, write.Scott Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940) is known as theauthor of the Jazz Age, a name which he is said to have invented. He is widely regardedas one of the twentieth century’s greatest writers. Fitzgerald was a member of the “LostGeneration” of the Twenties. He wrote about the end of this period. It was the timewhen the optimism and euphoria of the years after the Great War changed into economicdepression and loss of illusions.…Fitzgerald was exceptionally talented, he wrote easily, which partly explains whyhe didn’t think highly of his work. Another reason of his drama was saleable magazinestories that he published to make his living.He and his wife Zelda were shining stars in the New York social scene of the1920.He died young and after his death in 1920 the New York times said: Fitzgeraldwas better than he knew, for in fact and in the literary sense, he invented a gene ration.He finished four novels, but his most famous, celebrated classic is The Great Gatsby.Fitzgerald also wrote many short stories that treat problems of youth and promise alongwith despair and age.102

UNIT 9 Checks and BalancesBefore you readRead the text and name• the river Washington is founded on;• the founder of Washington;• two places of interest in Washington;• the highest building in Washington;• the difference between Washington and New–York.Washington, DCCities like people have their faces. They are often recognised by their landmarks.The city of Washington with its long wide avenues, shady streets, low buildings andcrowds of governmental officials is unlike New York with its skyscrapers, noisy streetsand the crazy pulse of a supercity.Washington is quite a young city. It was founded in 1796 in the District of Columbiaon the Potomac river and since 1800 it has been the federal capital. It is one of the fewcapital cities founded mainly as a seat of government. Washington was named after thefirst US president George Washington. He selected the place for the city, and PierreL’Enfant, a French engineer, designed it.In the centre of the city on Capitol Hill you can see an impressive building. It is theCapitol, the seat of the government. In this great building the Congress of the US meetsto discuss and make laws. This is the highest building in Washington. There is a law inWashington against building structures higher than the Capitol. That’s why you will notsee skyscrapers in Washington.Northwest of the Capitol stands the residence of the American president, the WhiteHouse. It has been home of every US president since 1800. It is a beautiful mansionoverlooking well-kept gardens and grounds with lawns and fountains. The mansioncontains 132 rooms. The most famous room is the Oval Office, which is the president’soffice. Only some of these rooms are open to the public. Among them are the GreenRoom and the Blue Room where the ambassadors and ministers of foreign countriesare received.At every corner, in every street and square in Washington you are reminded ofAmerican History: the War of Independence and the Civil War. Magnificent memorialsare built in honour of three American presidents whose names are connected with thesetwo great events.The monument to Jefferson stands in West Potomac Park. It is a round stonestructure in the middle of which stands a full length statue of Thomas Jefferson. On thewalls of the monument you can read sentences from the Declaration of Independence.The Lincoln Memorial consists of a big marble hall with a statue of Abraham Lincolnin a large armchair. On the walls you can read famous passages from his speeches. TheMemorial overlooks a pool on the National Mall.103

The Washington Monument is a white marble obelisk 169 m high. Inside thememorial there is a lift and you can ride to the top of the monument and admire thebeautiful panorama of the city.Not far from the Capitol is the library of Congress, the largest library in the States.It holds over 13 million books, including the personal papers of the US presidents.Between the Washington Monument and the Capitol on the National Mall anotherfamous landmark of Washington, the Smithsonian museum group, is situated. It is theworld’s largest museum complex with fourteen museums and the National Zoo. Amongthe most visited museums in this group is the National Air and Space Museum. It housesdozens of airplanes, spacecraft and rockets, and it’s only in this museum that you cantouch the stone brought from the Moon.The National Gallery of Art situated in Washington is one of world’s great artmuseums with rich collections of European and American works.If New York is the centre of finance, shopping and entertainment, New Orleans –thecity of cotton and jazz, Boston – the centre of culture and learning, Chicago – of meatmarkets, cattle and blues, Washington is the city of government and administration.ComprehensionMatch the two parts of the sentences.1. The White House is the residence of2. Cities are recognised by3. Washington is the city of4. The Capitol is the seat of5. In Washington there is a law againstWhat’s in a name? The White House104a. the governmentb. the American presidentc. their landmarksd. building structures higher than the Capitole. the CongressAt the beginning of the nineteenth century when Britain was at war with Americathe British captured 1 the city. The Capitol and the House of the president were set onfire. Later to hide the marks of the fire the brown stone walls of the president’s housewere painted white and it has been the White House ever since.Work on wordsshade [´Èeid] ncrowd [´kraud] nimpress [im´pres] v1 capture [´kÊptÈÀ] - ·ñ³í»ÉKeep in the shade or you’ll have a headache. The trees givea pleasant shade. shady adj: It was hot and he crossed to theshady side of the street.There were large crowds of people in the streets on IndependenceDay. At the station he pushed his way through the crowd. (over)crowded adj: The bus was overcrowded and it was difficult toget off.The book didn’t impress me at all. He impressed me unpleasantly.impression [im´preÈn] n: What was yours first impression of the

US? First impressions are often wrong. impressive [im´presiv]adj: The Art Gallery was very impressive. The opening of theWorld Chess Championship in Yerevan was impressive. makean impression on: New Your made a great impression on me.overlook [ouvÀ´luk] v My windows overlook a green park. Last summer we lived ina hotel overlooking the sea.magnificent [mÀg´nifisÀnt] adj The Opera House built in the 17 th century lookedmagnificent. When we were in Greece, we saw many magnificentmonuments there.grave [´greiv] n There are always a lot of flowers on the grave of the UnknownSoldier. The grave of William Saroyan is in one of the quietparks in Yerevan. The grave of Mashtots is in Oshakan.1. Translate into English.·»ñ»½Ù³Ý, ³ÙµáË, Ñá۳ϳå, ³½¹áõ, Ñáõ½Çã, ëïí»ñ, ßù»Õ, É»÷¬É»óáõÝ,ïå³íáñÇã, ³ñ¨Çó å³ßïå³Ýí³Í, ëïí»ñáï, Ù»Í ïå³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ·áñÍ»É,ïå³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ:2. Match the words in column A with their explanations in column B.A. B.crowdmaking a deep impression on the mind and feelingsfounda large number of people without ordershadyto establishmagnificent a strong influenceimpressive to have a view of from aboveimpression giving a shade from sunlightoverlook important-looking, splendid3. Fill in the words from the impress-family.Every year in March an ––– Oscar ceremony takes place in Hollywood. TheAmerican Cinema Academy awards the prizes for the different nominations. The showmakes a great ––– because the most famous film stars and film-directors gather in thehall. Among Oscar winning films are Brave Heart, Gone with the Wind, Schindler’sList, Amadeus and many others. One of the most outstanding film directors StevenSpielberg has received the greatest number of Oscars. His films ––– everybody by theirfantastic photography and acting of the cast.4. The City of Oxford. Fill in the words on the left using them in thecorrect forms.Oxford was ––– in the eighth century. It is a city of beautiful –– streets and –––buildings. Most of them are in the Gothic style. Oxford is famous for its University, oneof the oldest in Europe. Every morning ––– of students hurry to their lectures.105

Cornmarket is the shopping centre. It is always ––– with tourists who like to do theirshopping here. Not far from Oxford is the ––– of the world-famous British politician,Winston Churchill.Read the text and answer the questions.Checks and balancesThe United States is a federal union of fifty-one states.The power to govern is divided between the federal government, situated inWashington, D. C., and the state governments.The basic law from which the United States government gets its power is theConstitution.According to the US Constitution the powers of the government are divided intothree branches: the executive, headed by the president, the legislative exercised byCongress and the judicial, the Supreme Court and lower national courts. The threebranches work together to govern the country. Each branch has its own responsibilitiesand powers. No branch has more power than the other branches. They hold balancedpowers. Each branch has duties to control the powers of the other branches. The divisionof powers provides the rights of individual citizens.Congress consists of the Senate (the upper House) and the House of Representatives(the lower House).The Senate has two senators from each state and the senators are elected for sixyearterms.The House of Representatives has 435 members, all elected every two years. Thenumber of representatives of each state depends on the state’s population.The job of Congress is to pass laws. Before a bill becomes a law, it must be approvedof by both the Houses of Congress and by the president. If the president vetoes a bill, itcan still become a law if at least two-thirds of the members of each house vote for it.The president must see that all national laws are carried out. The president is electedevery four years.The president and the Congress are elected in separate elections.There are two main political parties in the US: the Republican and the Democraticparties.Comprehension questions1. Where is the seat of the central government?2. What branches are the powers of the government divided into?3. Who is the executive branch headed by?4. Who is the legislative branch exercised by?5. Who represents the judicial branch?6. How do the three branches work?7. How is the president elected?8. How many political parties are there in the US?9. Compare the political system of the US with that in the UK.106

<strong>Focus</strong> on words. Talking PoliticsStudy the words and word combinations.1. Collecting words. Collect as many words as possible.government: national / local / federal / central government / the seat of the government/ the head / the powers of the government;power:branch:bill:tax:branches of power, to get / check / divide / have the powers;legislative branch (Congress, Parliament, National Assembly);executive branch, (president, vice-president, prime-minister);judicial branch, (the Supreme Court, local courts).to sign / pass / vote for / veto / approve of / disapprove of a billfederal / state / city taxes,income / sales / property / excise tax,to pay / collect taxes, tax-free.Words in usea. Complete the table.Your country Britain The USAName of place whereGovernment meetsNumber of ChambersHead of StateMain Political Partiesb. Who are these people? What political systems do they represent?a. democracyb. monarchyc. constitutional monarchyd. totalitarian systemc. Taxes in the USA. Fill in the gaps with the words on the left.Taxes are the money which people must pay to finance theirgovernment. Americans often say that there are only two things a personcan be sure of in life: death and taxes. Although Americans have differentpoints of view on religions, culture and politics, they agree on one subjectthat ____are too high, maybe the highest in the world.In America there are three types of taxes as there are three levels ofgovernment: federal, __and city taxes. People who earn more than 4,000dollars per year __to the ____ government. April 15 is not a happy day forpeople because they are to pay their federal ____.The second tax is to the state government. This is an income tax and a ____tax. Thethird tax is for the city which is a ____tax (for the house) and an ____tax (on the cars).107excisepay taxesstatefederaltaxessales taxproperty

National CharacterThe Americans and the British speak the same language and still there are verymany differences between them. The four British talk about their first impressions ofAmerica.Jack Grey from Merton College, OxfordThe Americans are very proud of their country. They say that in the USA thebuildings are taller, the cars are bigger and the girls are prettier than anywhere in theworld. I think the Americans are louder, richer and noisier than any other nationality.Judy Evans, from a language school, in Birmingham.The Americans like coke and hamburgers. People in the UK think British food ishealthier. Clothes are cheaper in the US, but fashion design in the UK is better thandesign in the USA.And women? Well, American women are very beautiful, they are taller and slimmerthan British women, but to my mind, they know less about the world.Isabel Santos, from London UniversityThere are lots of good things about the USA like Hollywood, jazz and Superman.It is true that most American skyscrapers are taller than buildings in the UK, but I thinkthat our homes are older and more beautiful than anything in the USA.Don Graham, from Edinburgh UniversityThe British prefer their way of life, which is much slower and their politics whichare more careful. In my opinion, a British accent is much better than an American one.I also think that we are more polite than our American cousins!Name the things which were discussed by the British students.a. fashion d. ___b. cars e. ___c. ___ f. ___<strong>Focus</strong> on GrammarRevisionFuture PerfectYou should use shall/will have done to say that something will already becomplete.Example: I will not be at home at 9. I shall have left by that time. I shall havegone to school.ºë ï³ÝÁ ã»Ù ÉÇÝÇ Å³ÙÁ 9¬ÇÝ: ºë ÙÇÝã ³Û¹ ·Ý³ó³Í ÏÉÇÝ»Ù: ºë ¹åñáó ·Ý³ó³ÍÏÉÇÝ»Ù:Compare Future Perfect with other Perfect Tenses.I have washed up dishes (Present Perfect).ºë í»ñç³óñ»É »Ù ³÷ë»Ý»ñÁ Éí³Ý³É:When Mother came, I had washed the dishes (Past Perfect).ºñµ Ù³ÛñÇÏÁ »Ï³í, »ë ³ñ¹»Ý Éí³ó»É ¿Ç ³÷ë»Ý»ñÁ:When Mother comes, I shall have washed up the dishes. (Future Perfect)ºñµ Ù³ÛñÇÏÁ ·³, »ë ³÷ë»Ý»ñÁ ³ñ¹»Ý Éí³ó³Í ÏÉÇÝ»Ù:108

1. Translate into Armenian.1. Don’t ring me up at 9. I’ll be watching an interesting film. Ring me up after 11. I’llhave watched the film.2. Can we meet at 12 tomorrow. I’m afraid, we can’t, I shall be having a meeting.Let’s meet at 2. The meeting will have finished by that time.3. By the time we get home, Mother will have laid the table.4. We shall have packed our clothes by the time you come.2. Choose the right form.George goes to school every day. He leaves home at 8.45 and is at school at about9.00. At 12.00 he has lunch at the canteen. Then they have lessons till 2 o’clock. Hecomes home at 2.30. Tomorrow he will have a usual day.1. At 8.00 he 4. At 12.00 hea. will have had breakfast. a. will have lunch.b. will be having breakfast. b. will be having lunch.c. will have breakfast. c. will have linch.2. At 8.45 he 5. At 2.00 hea. will have left the house. a. will have left the school.b. will he leaving the house. b. will be leaving the school.c. will leave the house. c. will leave the school.3. At 8.50 he 6. At 3.00 hea. will have left the house. a. will have come home.b. will be leaving the house. b. will be coming home.c. will leave the house. c. will come home.3. Use the verbs in the correct form.1. Don’t come at 5 o’clock. I (have) English lesson.2. Phone me at 6. I (finish) dinner by then.3. We can’t meet tomorrow afternoon. I (work).4. Will you be free at 12 tomorrow. Yes, the lessons (be over) by that time.5. When you come, we (play) chess.6. By the time Mother comes, I (tidy up) the flat.4. Use the verbs in the correct perfect tense forms.Ann Balian is the managing director of a computer company. Here are some notesfrom her diary for Monday morning.1. 8.00 – talk to the operators.2. 8.30 – breakfast with the architect – discuss the new building.3. 9.15 – telephone Mother to wish her a happy birthday.4. 9.30 – dictate letters.5. 10.00 – have a meeting with the customer.6. 10.30 – write a report of the meeting.109

On Friday a reporter phones her secretary to have a meeting with Ann Balian onMonday morning. What did the secretary say?Example: I’m sorry. Miss Balian’s diary is full. She will be talking to theoperators at 8.00.Continue in the same way.QuizRound Britain and America1. What is the name of the famous clock in London?2. What are the names of the rivers that pass through London and New York?3. Give the names of two parks: one in London, one - in New York.4. Give the name of the place where you can take a boat from England to France.5. Give the names of two most famous British kings and queens.6. When did the Civil War take place in England?7. What is the largest office building in New York?8. Name the main parties in the UK and the US.9. Name two English and two American writers.10. What is the highest mountain in the UK? in the US?11. What are the two largest states of the US?12. What states are called New England?13. What states are the bread basket states?14. What seas is the UK surrounded by?15. Name the five largest lakes in the US?16. Name one famous American/English song.17. What countries is English spoken in?Now check your answers:17–16 Very good. You are ready for a tour to London or New York.15–11 Quite good. You haven’t forgotten much, have you?16–6 Not too bad. Look up the answers you don’t know.5–0 Oh, dear!Just for FunLaw is law, even the most fantastic lawIn Nebraska, USA, a barber shouldn’t eat onion between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m.Camels shouldn’t be hunted in the state of Arizona, the USA.The citizen of Kentucky, USA, should take a bath once a year.In New York City there is still a law which forbids women to smoke in public.110

Unit 1OSomething New, Something ReallyExcitingmass media - means of communication which reach very large numbers of people:TV, radio and newspapers.Reading newspapersBefore you read1. How often do you read newspapers?2. What do you like to read in newspapers?3. What newspapers and magazines do you like best?4. Do you know any British or American newspapers and magazines?Read the text and retell it.There are two types of newspapers, a popular newspaper and a quality newspaper.A popular newspaper focuses more on sensation than real news. A quality newspaperis interested in bringing real news to the readers. A popular paper is usually smaller insize than a quality paper. It has larger headlines and shorter stories. It prefers storiesabout film stars and violent crimes, the lifestyle of popular people and scandals, andso on. Headlines in these newspapers are usually catching to attract the attention of thereaders.There are papers which are published daily, weekly or monthly. Most of the dailynewspapers must be published rain or shine 1 . The Sunday newspapers are usually muchlarger than the regular editions. Reading the Sunday newspaper is a tradition both withthe Americans and the British.American newspapers get much of their news from the US agencies, AP (AssociatedPress) and UPI (United Press International), British newspapers from Reuter. Almost alleditors and journalists agree that news should be clearly separated from opinion aboutthe news. But if a news story appears with a reporter’s name, it means that the editorsconsider it to be a mixture of fact and opinion.There are a lot of magazines and newspapers in the UK and the US. They cover alltopics and interests from art and architecture to tennis, from gardening to computers.1 rain or shine [2rein O: 2fain] - in any weather, in any case111

<strong>Focus</strong> on words: Newspaper words1. Collecting words. Collect as many words as possible.a. What can you find in a newspaper?home/foreign/sports/business newsb. Talking newspaperThe newspaper says that …featuresradio and TV programmesreviewsheadlinesfashion/letter pagecrosswordsadshoroscopesarticlesThe article reports …The article is publishedThe article has come outIt is a daily/weekly/monthly newspaper2. Words in use.a. Write out the words dealing with newspapers and magazines.Most newspapers are daily (= they come out/are published every day). Someare national, some are local. Magazines are weekly and monthly (=published everyweek/month). Some newspapers are tabloids (=small in size). These are usually thepopular press (=short articles and lots of pictures), and they often have large circulation(=numbers of readers). More serious newspapers are bigger in size. People often referto newspapers as press.b. Match each headline with a news story.Keep Elm Street GreenWoman Sees her Husbandfor the First TimeMissing Boy Sale***Six-year-old Paul Smith, missing from his home in London since yesterday, wasfound this morning, 900 km away, in Scotland. Paul’s family moved last week fromOxford to London and Paul wanted to see his friends in Oxford. So he walked to thestation and got on a train. But he got on the wrong train and when the train stopped,Paul was not in Oxford, but in Inverness, Scotland. Paul says, “I was tired and it wascold. I went to sleep on the train.”112

***Light has come into the life of Chester woman Gill Ince. After 15 years of blindnessshe has seen her baby daughter for the first time.Mrs Ince has also seen for the first time her husband Bill and guide-dog Deva, herfaithful companion for the last 11 years, after a bang on the head in a fall restored hersight.“I thought I was dreaming until I saw my husband, my baby and my guide-dog.”***Yesterday afternoon 25 members of the Save our Park group met the mayor to givehim a petition. The spokesperson for the group, Mrs Barbara Bennett, told reporters,“This is only the beginning of our fight. We’re against the city plan to build a garage inour street. We ought to save the Elm Street Park.” In his statement mayor Young saidthat he understood the group’s wish to save the park, but he continued, “The parkinggarage is necessary for shoppers.”c. Read the text and rearrange the paragraphs below in the correct order.Hijack on BA Flight1. Four passengers travelling on flight BA from London to Mexico on Tuesday, thejourney which started so well turned into nightmare.2. It is reported that at 3.40 p.m. the plane landed in Miami, but the passengers had tospend ten hours on the plane before the hijackers set them free.3. Five minutes earlier hijackers told Captain Horley, the pilot of the British Airwaysjet, to fly the plane to the United States.4. “It was a terrible flight,’’ says 29-year-old Emily Davies. “We were having lunchwhen suddenly two men with guns and masks appeared and told us all to put ourhands on our heads.’’5. “It all happened very suddenly. A man pushed a gun in my back and told me to flythe plane to Miami. I had very little choice.’’d. Speak about two US newspapers which are sold in most US cities.The New York TimesThe Wall Street JournalType Daily newspaper Daily newspaperFounded 1851 July 8, 1889LanguageEnglish EnglishCirculation 928,000 daily 2,082,189 dailyOfficial website nytimes.com WSJ.com113

Work on words: Time wordsTime-words1. Study the meaning of the words. Translate them into Armenian.timetimelytimelesstime-savingtimetableall the days of the past, present and futuretaking place at the right timeunendingsaving somebody’s timelist showing the days and hours when the work will bedone2. Guess the meaning of the phrases.1. Don’t worry. We won’t be late. We’ll get to the place in no time.2. Don’t waste your time watching TV all the time. Do something more interesting.3. Whenever you have time to kill call me up and we will chat a little.4. From time to time our family goes to the country to have a rest.5. Please hand in your tests. Your time is up.6. Once upon a time there lived a king whose name was Midas.7. Time and again I have to remember my son to study before going out with hisfriends.3. Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B.to have a good timekeep good (bad) timetake your timeto beat timetime offshow the hour (in)correctlydon’t hurryfree timeto enjoy oneselfshow the time with a hand4. Find the Armenian sayings for the English proverbs.Time will tell.Time works wonders.Time will show who is right.There is a time and a place for everything.5. Fill in the gaps with one of the time-words (Study exercises 14).1. Why do you never listen? I’ve told you ___to lock the front door when you goout.2. The paintings of Van Gogh have a ___ beauty.3. John ___ on a drum while the children danced.4. The play started at 9. We had a lot of time so we decided ___ by walking round thepark.114

5. I got to the bank ___ just before they closed.6. Did you enjoy the party? Yes, we ___ there last night.7. Do your test attentively: you have more than two hours, ___.TROUBLE SPOT: Prepositions with time-wordsthis time³Ûë ³Ý·³Ùat that time³Û¹ ųٳݳÏat a timeÙdzųٳݳÏat the same time ÙǨÝáõÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ïbe in time for(ÇÝã¬áñ ï»Õ) ųٳݳÏÇÝ ·³Éin no timeÇëÏáõÛÝ, ÙÇ ³ÏÝóñÃáõÙon time×Çßï ųٳݳÏÇÝ<strong>Focus</strong> on GrammarRevisionPrepositions1. Choose the right word.1. Your time is ___. What’s the answer?a. in b. off c. on d. up2. I want to take some time ___from my studies to travel.a. in b. off c. on d. up3. It’s very unusual for trains to run ___time in summer.a. in b. off c. on d. up4. He lied so many times that nobody believed him ___this time.a. at b. of c. — d. in5. Don’t worry. I’ll back ___no time.a. at b. on c. — d. inPronounsthingspeopleplacessomethingsomebodysomeonesomewhereanythinganybodyanyoneanywhereeverythingeverybodyeveryoneeverywherenothingnobodyno onenowhereSomebody and someone, nobody and no one, etc. mean the same.We use some-, every- and no- in affirmative sentences.Example: The police looked for her everywhere. Someone was sitting on the sofa.We usually use any- in questions and in negative sentences.Example: The police couldn’t find her anywhere.115

We can use some- in questions when we expect the answer ‘Yes’.Example: Can you do something to help?We can use any- in affirmative sentences with the meaning ‘every-’ for emphasis.Example: He was prepared to try anything to find his daughter.We can use else after all the words with some-, any-, no- and every- with the meaning‘other’ or ‘different’.Example: no one else = ‘no other person’, somewhere else = ‘a different/another place’We can use an adjective after words with some-, any-, and no-.Example: something strange, something definite, nothing new2. Fill in the pronouns something, nobody, everywhere, anyone, etc.Do you believe that there are people who can “see” what is happening ____ ?Gerard Croiset from Holland could and he used his unusual ability to help the policeto find missing people, ____ in the world. Professor Sandelius lived with his 24-yearolddaughter Carol in Topeka, in the USA. One day, ____ strange happened. Caroldisappeared. The police looked for her ____ . First they showed photographs to ____in town, but ____ knew____ about her. Then they started a nationwide search, but theycouldn’t find her ____ . After eight weeks there was ____ that the police could do.Professor Sandelius was prepared to try____to find his daughter. He had heard aboutCroiset and he contacted him. “Can you do ____to help?” he asked. “___ can”.3. Put in each or every.1. There were four books on the table. ... book was a different colour.2. The Olympic Games are held ... four years.3. I understood most of what they said but not ... word.4. In a game of tennis there two players. ... player has a racket.5. We had a great weekend. I enjoyed ... minute of it.6. Car seat belts save lives. ... driver should wear one.7. She was wearing four rings – one on ... finger.8. There’s a train to London ... hour.4. Insert the pronouns every, everyone, all, no one, someone.TV advertisements: Are they about real Life?In TV advertisements …family has two children and … lives in a house with agarden. … has got a car and a mobile phone. When they drive their cars, the roads ateempty.… has got a job. No one is unemployed. … work in a high-tech office which is fullof shiny new computers. … works in a factory.116

… takes a holiday on a beach in an exotic country. They fly there in comfortableplanes with smiling stewardesses, good food and lots of space for their feet. … hasa huge kitchen. …. prepares delicious meals. Children never cry. When they are ill,their parents take them to smiling doctors in white coats. …the doctors are so amiable,shining and smilingArticles• These nouns are uncountable in Englishweather progress traffic hairnews advice luggage sceneryinformation work furniture rubbishRemember:They do not take plural or a in the singular.CountableI’m looking for a job.It’s a nice day today.We had a lot of bags.These chairs are nice.It was a good suggestion.There is a hair in my tea.What a beautiful view.UncountableI’m looking for work.It’s nice weather today.We had a lot of luggage.This furniture is nice.It was good advice.Her hair is long.What beautiful scenery.5. Choose the right word.1. John’s father is unemployed. His father is looking for work/a work.2. She gave us some good advice/advices.3. Bad news don’t make/doesn’t make people happy.4. Your hair is/are good.5. They had much luggage/many luggages.6. She is making progress/ a progress in her English.7. They are carrying a new furniture/ new furtniture upstairs.8. What a beautiful view/scenery!6. Translate into English.1. øá Ù³½»ñÁ ß³ï ·»Õ»óÇÏ »Ý:2. Üñ³ ËáñÑáõñ¹Ý»ñÁ »ñµ»ù ã»Ý û·ÝáõÙ ÇÝÓ:3. ²Ûëûñí³ ÝáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ñ»ï³ùñùÇñ ã¿ÇÝ:4. Üñ³Ý ³Ûëûñ ß³ï Ñ»ï³ùñùÇñ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ³é³ç³ñÏ»óÇÝ:5. î»Õ»ÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñ ¹áõù »ñ»Ï Ý»ñϳ۳óñ»óÇù, ëË³É »Ý:117

• When there is only one of something we use the.the world the capital the moonthe sun the earth the skyRemember:We use space without the.7. Put in the or a/an where necessary.1. Sun is star.2. Moon goes round earth every twenty-seven days.3. What is longest river in world?4. I saw cloud in sky.5. What’s capital of Spain?6. “Would you like to travel in space?” - “Yes, I’d love to go to Moon”.7. I lay down on grass and looked up at sky.8. Brazil is country in South America.Discussion pointNo matter where, no matter whenNews is brought to us by journalists. You can see them everywhere with theircameras, microphones and confusing questions. They report current events from allcorners of our planet. They rush to hotbeds of war 1 to inform us about victories anddefeats, they even reveal crimes. Some try to find out the truth, while others are afterscandals (like paparazzi). By their reports they form public opinion. It is not for nothing 2that politicians speak about information wars. Their work is very important as theyleave us the records of the changing face of the world.Your turn1. What kinds of news do you prefer listening?2. Who is your favourite reporter? Why?3. Are you satisfied with news reporting in Armenia? Why? Why not?Read the information about Earnest Hemingway and say what you have leanedabout the writer.A war correspondentA man of actionA great adventurerAn amateur boxerA hunterA deep sea fishermanThe victim of three car accidents and two plane crashesA man of four wives1 hotbeds of war - å³ï»ñ³½ÙÇ ûç³ËÝ»ñ2 not for nothing - ǽáõñ ã¿ áñ118

A man who valued courage, honesty, adventure and loveAbove all a brilliant writer: Farewell to Arms,For Whom the Bell Tolls,Fiesta,The Old Man and the Sea,humorous stories.Favourite quotations A man can’t be alone.A man can be destroyed, but he cannot be defeated.What beat you, old man. Nothing I’ve gone too far.Read the text and do the exercises.In Another Countryby Ernest Hemingway1 In the autumn the war was always there, but we didn’t go to it any more. It wascold in the autumn in Milan and darkness came very early. Then the electric lights cameon, and it was pleasant to walk along the streets looking in the windows …2 We were all at the hospital every afternoon, and we came to the hospital bydifferent ways across the town … The hospital was old and very beautiful and youwalked across a yard where funerals were usually starting. Behind the old hospitalwere the new buildings, and there we met every afternoon and were all very polite andinterested in each other and sat in the machines that were helping us to get well.3 The doctor came up to the machine where I was sitting and said: “What did youlike best to do before the war? Did you go in for sports?”I said: “Yes, football.”“Good,” he said. “You will be able to play football again better than ever.”4 In the next machine was a major, who had a little hand like a child’s. He winkedat me when the doctor examined his hand and said: “And will I too play football, doctor?”He had been a very great fencer, and before the war the greatest fencer in Italy …5 There were three boys of the same age I was, who came every day. They wereall three from Milan, and one of them was going to be a lawyer, one was to be a painter,and one wanted to be a soldier. Sometimes after we finished with the machines, wewalked back together to the café, which was next door to the Scala.6 We all had the same medals, except the boy with the black handkerchief acrossthe face, and he had not been at the front long enough to get any medals …The boys at first were very polite about my medal and asked me what I had doneto get it. I showed them the papers which were written in a very beautiful language andfull of nice words, but which really said, if you drop all the nice words, that I had gotthe medal because I was an American. After that their manner changed a little though Iremained their friend …7 The major, who had been the great fencer, did not believe in bravery. So heremained a good friend, too, and we spent much time while we sat in the machinescorrecting my grammar! He said I spoke Italian well and we talked together very easily ...119

“What will you do when the war is over if it is ever?” he asked one day. “Speakgrammatically!”“I will go to the States.”“Are you married?”“No, but I have to be.”“Then you are a fool,” he said. He looked angrily, “A man must not marry.”“Why mustn’t a man marry?”“He cannot marry. He may lose everything. He must find things in his life whichhe cannot lose.”“But why he should lose anything?”8 “He will lose it,” the major said. He was looking at the wall. Then he looked downat the machine and took his hand out if it. He went into another room and I heard himask the doctor if he might use the telephone. When he came back into the room I wassitting in another machine.“I am sorry”, he said. “You must forgive me. My wife has just died.”“Oh –” I said feeling sick for him. “I am sorry.”The doctor told me that the major’s wife who was very young and whom he hadmarried when he was invalided out of the war had died of pneumonia. She had been sickonly a few days. No one expected her to die. The major did not come to the hospital forthree days. Then he came at the usual hour.Comprehension1. True or false1. The doctor advised the patients to drive a car.2. Special equipment was used to help the patients get well.3. The major asked the doctor if he might play football.4. The major asked if he would be able to play football.5. The hero spoke Italian badly.6. The major said the man must not marry as he hated women.2. Choose the correct answer.1. The phrasal verb came on (paragraph 1) meansa. were turned on b. were put off c.2. The word combination get well meansa. recover b. receive c. revise3. The word drop (if you drop all the nice words) can be best replaced by the worda. fall b. leave out c. cut4. Speak gramatically meansa. know grammar rules b. speak correctly c. use grammar rules5. The word their in the last sentence of paragraph 6 stands fora. papers b. words c. boys120

WRITE ONThis is a list of facts about Ernest Hemingway. Write his biography combiningthe given sentences. Reorder the information if necessary. Divide your text intoparagraphs.Born of War, Love and DeathErnest Hemingway was born in 1899. He was born in Oak Park, Illinois.He was born in a middle-class family. His father was a doctor. He taught the boyhunting and fishing. All his life he was against the morals of his family.He graduated from High School in 1917. He didn’t go to college. He dreamed oflife full of adventures.He went to Kansas City. He was employed as a reporter. He was a reporter for TheStar. The Star was a leading newspaper. Working for The Star was very useful.He was eager to be a soldier. He had poor eyesight. He failed to become a soldier.He became an ambulance driver for the American Red Cross. He was injured in WorldWar I. He was decorated for heroism.He worked as a war correspondent. He reported wars in Spain, China and Europe.Many of his books were about wars.For Whom the Bell Tolls was written in 1940. It was his most successful book. Itwas about an American soldier in the Spanish Civil War. A Farewell to Arms is about thecruelties of war. He won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1951.He died in 1961.<strong>Focus</strong> on grammarRevisionPassive Voice• You form passive verbs with the different tenses of be + past participle.• You use the passive when you want to focus on:- when and where something is done,- what is done, rather than who does it,- to describe processes.1. Look at these pairs of active and passive sentences. In each pair, whichdo you think is the better sentence? Explain why.1. a. We only use 11 per cent of the Earth’s land for farming. But each year we useless land because rain washes the soil away.b. Only 11 per cent of the Earth’s land is used for farming. But each year less landis used because the soil is washed away by the rain or blown away by the wind.2. a. The Japanese like fish and eat 3,400 million kilograms of it.b. Fish is liked by the Japanese and 3,400 million kilograms of it is eaten by themeach year.3. a. At first, the Europeans didn’t smoke tobacco but used it as a flower.b. At first tobacco wasn’t smoked by the Europeans but used as a flower.121

2. Here are some headlines from the local newspapers. Write theheadlines as full sentences with the verbs in the passive.Example: 20 Killed Every Day on Britain’s RoadsTwenty people are killed on the roads in Britain every day.1. Shop Windows Broken after Last Saturday’s Football Match2. New Swimming-pool Built by Next Spring3. Clerk Shot in Break Raid Yesterday - 2 Arrested Last Night4. Town Hall Painted Next Year5. Expensive Goods Stolen from Department Store6. Baby Found in Bus Station Last Night.• Passive is also used to introduce general opinion.e.g. It is said/reported/believed/supposed that the police are looking for the thief.²ëáõÙ /гÛïÝáõÙ/γñÍáõÙ /ºÝó¹ñáõÙ »Ý, áñ áëïÇϳÝÝ»ñÁ ÷ÝïñáõÙ»Ý ·áÕÇÝ:3. Rewrite these sentences in the passive to introduce general opinion.1. China makes three times as many bicycles as the USA and Japan.2. The Romans first mined coal in the first century AD.3. The Dutch grow about 3,000 million flowers a year.4. An average American uses twice as much fuel as an average European.4. Translate the sentences into English.1. гÛïÝáõÙ »Ý, áñ å³ï³Ñ³ñáõÙ ½áÑí»É ¿ »ñÏáõ Ù³ñ¹:2. γñÍáõÙ »Ý, áñ ·áñͳ¹áõÉÁ ßáõïáí Ïí»ñç³Ý³:3. ºÝó¹ñíáõÙ ¿, áñ ýÇÉÙÁ ß³ï ɳíÝ ¿:4. êå³ëáõÙ ¿ÇÝ, áñ ݳíÁ ÏųٳÝÇ ×Çßï ųٳݳÏÇÝ:5. è³¹ÇáÛáí ѳÛïÝ»É »Ý, áñ »Õ³Ý³ÏÁ ßáõïáí Ï÷áËíÇ ¹»åÇ É³íÁ:5. Rewrite the text using the passive forms to express opinion wherepossible.Upside-down in the ChimneyA man who tried to break into the house on Friday got stuck in a chimney for fiftyhours. The owner of the house returned after a weekend break and heard a strange noisein her chimney. She called the police who found a neighbour stuck upside down in thechimney. He had climbed onto the roof and was trying to enter the house through thechimney when he got stuck. The man claimed he had returned home drunk, lost hiskey and thought that was his house. After the police got him out of the chimney, theyarrested him.122

Unit 11TV or not TVDiscussion pointA Chewing Gum to the EyeTelevision brings information and entertainment to our homes. It has a greatinfl uence on young people’s lives. Sitting comfortably in their own homes people allover the world watch TV and learn a lot about what is going on in any corner of theworld and still many people are not positive about TV.Answer the questions.1. How important is television to you?2. How many hours a week do you watch TV?3. Do you watch television because you have nothing better to do?4. What do you think about the commercials on TV?5. What are the good or bad points of television?Good pointsIt informs you about the world.It may educate people.…Bad pointsIt stops people talking.It’s bad for health.…Interest pointsIn some countries there is no TV for one or two days a week.…Useful languageWatching TV is cheap/great fun/entertaining/informative.TV is junk/most programmes are dull/there are better ways to spend time.Interesting facts about TV• The average child sees 20,000 thirty-second commercials in a year.• The average child watches television1, 680 minutes in a week.• The average American youth spends in school 900 hours a year.123

• The average American youth watches television 1500 hours a year.• The American child has seen around 11,000 murders on television TV by thetime he reaches 14.• In some countries there is no TV for one or two days a week.<strong>Focus</strong> on Phonetics1. Listen and read part of a news bulletin paying attention to pauses. Markthe rises and the falls wherever you hear them.Hijackers | are still holding | twenty-three passengers | in a plane | at Manchesterairport. || They hijacked the flight | from London to Glasgow | last Thursday. ||Thepassengers have been sitting in the plane | without food or water | for three days.A demonstration | against unemployment | has been taking place | in Manchester.||The demonstrators | have been marching through the city | for two hours. ||It is expectedto finish | in front of the town hall | at 5 this evening | where left-wing members ofParliament | will address the crowd.FOCUS ON WORDS: TV words1. Collecting words. Collect as many words as possible.a. Types of TV programmesdocumentaryb. Talking TVWhat’s on TV tonight?What time’s the fi lm on?current affairsnews reportsoap-operatalk showdramaquizfilm, play, clipscrime seriesmusic/news/sports programmeweather forecastvariety showcommercialsserialcartoon filmAre they showing the game live?How long does the show last?124

What’s your favourite programme?Turn the TV up / down / over.If you want to watch TV, you plug it in. If the programme doesn’t interest you, youswitch it over to another channel. You can use a remote control to do that. If you payextra, you can receive a satellite TV and then have greater number of channels.2. Words in usea. Look through the TV programme. Match the programmes with theirtypes.a. music programme e. a film i. weather forecastb. a news programme f. a quiz j. a documentaryc. a cartoon g. a play k. a gardening programmed. a sports programme h. a comedyTV1.00 Boxing from London and racing from Derby.2.00 A new production of Shakespeare’s King Lear at the Lyric Theatre.4.00 Geoff Hamilton is in his garden telling us what to do at this time of year.5.00 This week’s top twenty with disc jockey Mike Red.6.00 Northern comedian Peter Dawson entertains.6.45 Tomorrow’s world.7.00 Disappearing forests of South America.8.00 More adventures from Disneyland with Donald Duck.9.00 More families try to answer the questions and win prizes.10.00 Tomorrow’s weather.11.00 The Magnificent Seven. 1960 classic western. Starring Yul Brynner, SteveMcQueen and Charles Bronson.b. Say a few words about this TV programme.Useful languageAt 6.45 there’s tomorrow’s world.That’s followed at 7.00 by ….After that you can see...Then you can enjoy...c. Give the name of the programme on the Armenian TV of each typelisted in 2a.125

d. What do you think about Armenian TV? In pairs express your opinionsabout Armenian television using too much, too many, not enough, alot of. DiscussChannelsViolenceAdvertisementsAmerican crime seriesEducational programmesSportComediesSoap operasChat showsPolitical programmesExample:“I think there are too many channels.”“So do I / I don’t. But I think there is too much violence.”Just for FunNew words for TV addictvideot – a video-addicted man.couch potato – a person whose best pastime is watching TV sitting on the sofa.<strong>Focus</strong> on Word-BuildingI. Shortening is a comparatively new way of word – building, but it has become highlyproductive. Shortening is produced in two ways.Some words lose their beginning or their ends:telephone – phonedoctor – docdefence – fencetelevision – tellySometimes a word loses both its beginning and its ending.refrigerator – fridgeinfluenza – fluII. A new word may be formed from the initial letters of a word group. These are calledabbreviations.The United Nations – the UNThe British Broadcasting Corporation – the BBCMember of Parliament – MPPersonal computer – PCBoth types of shortening are characteristic of informal speech though abbreviations arefound among formal words, too.126

1. Can you guess the meaning of these shortenings? Find the answers inthe list given below.1. Mum, where are my PJs? –I’ve put them in the wash. Take your clean nightie,please.2. Fancy! They have given me a wonderful woolen cardie for my birthday.3. Have you bougt any veggies for the salad?4. I see neither tatties nor caulie in the kitchen.5. I’m rather hungry but I can do with a butty.6. John is so fond of playing footie he can do it all day long.7. Where are the biscies?I would like to have some.8. The vac is in the bedroom.9. I’ve lost my lippy.lipstick, cardigan, vegetables, cauliflower, football, vacuum-cleaner, biscuits,potatoes, pyjamas, night-gown, sandwich2. Can you say what words the abbreviations stand for?CD, WWW, USB, ICDid you know?Who invented colour TV?John Logie BairdA Scotsman, John Logie Baird, sent the first television picture on 25 October, 1825.The first thing on television was a cat from the office next to Baird’s room in London.In 1928 he sent pictures to Paris and also produced the first colour TV picture.PresentationBefore you read1. Do you believe in the future of TV?2. Do you know what a live programme is?3. Where can TV be used in the future?The Changing Face of TV1 News happens when it happens and when it does the whole world wants to beinformed. The2 quicker the better 1 . Ten years ago we had to wait for films about the events thatinterested us. Today1 the quicker the better – áñù³Ý Ñݳñ³íáñ ¿ ³ñ³·127

3 we can have complete real-time news the moment they happen in every corner ofthe world in live4 programmes.5 Television is only beginning as the most important medium in our life. In Ohio,USA 5,0006 families with cable TV can tell a computer what they want to watch in the evening.In Pennsylvania7 old people can use TV to communicate with people in their local government.8 Some day it may be used together with computers to contact with banks, stores,doctors’ offices,9 libraries.10 Education is another important part of the changing face of TV. In South Carolinathe homes of11 students are connected with the school by special TV with computers. As the teachertalks on TV, he12 asks questions. The student finds the right answer and presses one of the buttons onhis TV.Comprehension1. True or false1. Television has no future.2. We can’t watch events when they happen.3. In future we shall have live programmes.4. TV can be used for education.2. What words do these pronouns stand for?1. it (line 1)2. they (line 3)4. they (line 6)5. their (line 7)6. he (line 11)<strong>Focus</strong> on GrammarRevision:Mixed Tenses1. A TV report. Fill in the verbs in their correct forms.Yesterday there was a bank raid in Santa Barbara, California. Robert Johnson, areporter for the local TV station is giving this report.Yesterday morning four men with guns ___ (come) into the National Bank herein Main Street and ___ (tell) the manager to give them all the money in the bank. Butbefore the gang ___ (can) get away, the police (arrived). Now, what’s the situation128

like today? The gang ___ (shut) themselves in the bank, and they ___ (say) they’ll killeverybody in the bank if the police try to get in.The police ___ (close) the streets around the bank, all traffic and all movement inthe city centre ___ (stop). Large numbers of police ___ (bring) into the area by the localpolice chief.The gang ___ (give) food at 9 o’clock this morning. The police hope they’ll givesome of it to the other people in the bank. They ___ (give) three meals altogether now.Very little else ___ (happen) today.Syntax2. What to wear on TV? Connect two sentences into one using that’swhy, so, because, as.e.g.: Bright, warm colours like yellow and red are more cheerful early in the morning. Idon’t usually wear dark colours like black or dark blue.a. Bright, warm colours like yellow and red are more cheerful early in the morning that’swhy/so I don’t usually wear black or dark blue.b. I don’t usually wear black or dark blue because bright, warm colours like yellow andred are more cheerful in the morning.c. As bright, warm colours like yellow and red are more cheerful early in the morning,Idon’t usually wear black or dark blue.1. There are also some technical problems with colours, which are not seen well onTV. I can’t wear white colours.2. I have a lot of jackets in different colours. I try to wear a different colour everyday.3. People can only see my top half. I quite often read the news in a smart jacket and ...jeans!4. I don’t like most jewellery. I don’t wear a lot of it on TV.Preposition + Gerund3. Use an -ing form and write one sentence instead of two.e.g. All my friends are going to watch the football match on TV tonight. I’m notinterested. (in) I’m not interested in watching the football match on TV.1. A lot of people just turn on the TV every day. They don’t know what they want towatch (without).2. The soap companies sell a lot of their products. They advertise them on TV everynight. (by)3. Mr Brown never watches TV, but he listens to the radio. (instead of)4. Don Harper saw that the film was a repeat. So he switched to the talk show on channel5. (after)129

FOCUS ON WORDS: Types of films1. Collecting words. Collect as many words as you can.a. Types of films adventure/horror/ musical /documentary film,western, thriller, romantic drama, science fiction, love storydetective, cartoonb. Talking films.Describing the film:the name of the film, the director, the cast, the type of the filmto star in the film, film reviews, set in, shot by, the message ofthe film, the start, the ending, the story, the plot, the script, thephotography, the leading role.Impressions of the film: excellent, dull, boring, exciting, terrific, frightening,realistic, nail biting, sentimental, thrilling.2. Words in use.a. Complete the sentences using the words below.interested, fascinating, bored, surprised, exciting, interesting, fascinated, surprising,successful1. I am not ___in horror films.2. I find nature films ___. .3. I am ___with watching television.4. I didn’t like Batman at all. I was ___ that it was so successful.5. Star wars was a pretty –– movie.6. Julia Roberts is a very –– actress.7. I am –– by his camera.8. It is – they don’t make many westerns these days.b. Choose the correct answer from the right-hand column.What do we call– a well-known cinema actor/actress? subtitles– a white surface on which moving pictures are shown? a film star– a person responsible for the production of the film? a cinema-goer– a person who is fond of attending the cinema? a screen– the written lines in silent or foreign films? a producerc. Answer the questions.1. Which are your three favourite types of films?2. What was the name of the last film you saw?130

3. How do you choose films to see?4. Who is your favourite actor/actress? Why?5. What films are being shot in Armenia now?d. Give the review of the film you have recently seen.What is the title of the film?Who is it directed by?Who plays the leading role?What type of film is it?What is it about?Where is it set?When does it take place?What events take place in the film?What’s your opinion of it?Useful languageI was really impressed by …What I really liked was …What struck me most was …The best part was where …e. What can you do instead of watching TV?1. Getting out the family photo album and researching your family history2. Asking an older family member to tell you a story about his or her childhood.3. Listening to ...4. Learning to .....Go on.Read the dialogue and act it out.A group of young people talk about Hollywood films.A: I like horror films. Some of them are thrilling. It’s like a bad dream: you wake upand a comfortable feeling comes over you that it is only a dream.B: I like serious films, real art, with a beautiful camera, like Tarantino’s or Spielberg’sfilms.C: I like American films like Star Wars, something about extraterrestrials, spookies.B: As for me, I don’t like Hollywood films, I think many of them are too simple. Theyhave uninteresting plot. There is too much violence and blood. To be honest, I prefera good romantic drama.A: A good thrilling police-and-thief Hollywood film is much better than endless boringserials.B: I never watch horror films, because I think they have bad effect on people. But I’mafraid that violent programmes are very popular.131

Your turnWhat’s your opinion about Hollywood films today?What is your opinion about horror films and thrillers on TV?ForAgainstHollywood films are very impressive. They often have little to say.They are realistic.Too much is spent on the setting and costumes.The camera is often brilliant. Only the surface details are correct.They are amusing.They are often banal and childish.There are a lot of popular actors. The plot is often uninteresting.They are thrilling.There is too much violence.Among them are some excellent films.<strong>Focus</strong> on GrammarExplanation: Passive ProgressivePresent Progressive Passive: am/is/are being V IIIe.g.:The walls of the room are being painted.ê»ÝÛ³ÏÇ å³ï»ñÝ ³ÛÅÙ Ý»ñÏáõÙ »Ý:Past Progressive Passive:was/were being V IIIe.g.: A new hospital was being built in my native town when I came there.ØÇ Ýáñ ÑÇí³Ý¹³Ýáó ¿ñ ϳéáõóíáõÙ Ç٠ѳÛñ»ÝÇ ù³Õ³ùáõÙ, »ñµ »ë »Ï³³ÛÝï»Õ:1. Translate into Armenian.1. The last student is being examined there.2. A new bridge across the river is being constructed now.3. This question is being discussed at the moment.4. His new play was being read in the next room.5. I hate being laughed at.2. Choose the right form.1. George isn’t being seen/hasn’t been seen anywhere this week.2. Wait a little. The dinner is being cooked/is cooked.3. A new swimming-pool was being built/was built in 1996.4. The room is being cleaned/is cleaned now.5. The roads are being repaired/are repaired to make the traffic safe.6. The article is being translated / is translated now.132

3. Write the sentences in the passive voice.1. They often invited me to their parties.2. People speak English all over the world. .3. They were still watching the TV programme.4. I will never forget his words.5. You can do this work easily.6. No one has seen him anywhere this week.7. The doctor is examining little John.SyntaxComplex Sentences4. Re-write the paragraph, putting the relative clauses in their places.The film Amadeus, (1), won nine Academy Awards in 1984. It was beautifullyfilmed in Prague, (2), and focused on the relations between Mozart and an intelligentbut less talented composer, Antonio Salieri, (3). Tom Hulce stars as Mozart, (4). Somecritics think that the part of Salieri, (5), is the key to the movie. Salieri suffers becausehe recognises Mozart’s greatness (6). The tragedy is that Salieri helps to destroy Mozartand himself because of his great jealousy (˳ݹ).a. who is played by F. Murray Abraham.b. which he can admire but cannot imitate.c. where the buildings and streets haven’t changed much for centuries.d. which was based on Peter Shaffer’s hit playe. whose talent as a composer drives Salieri into depressionf. for which Abraham won an Academy AwardArmenia in filmsThe MulberrySayat NovaOn the Seventh DayThe Saroyan brothersThe First Love SongThe Tango of Our ChildhoodYour turn1. Which of these Armenian films have you seen?2. Which of Armenian films do you like best? What is it about?3. Who stars in the film The Mulberry?4. Who is Sayat Nova directed by?5. Who wrote the ”love” songs in the film The First Love Song?6. Where was The Tango of our Childhood taken?7. Who stars in the film On the Seventh Day?133