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INDIABAY OF-Point CalirnereLanka L-1 Type 8BPortQ Blair00Q1 IIII1I IFigure 4.Classification of part of the Bay of Bengalcoast according to the maximum possible waterlevel (storm surge plus wind waves) resultingfrom a hypothetical storm with wind speed of40 m sec-1 (from M O, 1968).227
CIRCULATION AND PHYSICAL PROCESSES OF THEARABIAN SEA AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPWITH S.W. MONSOON AND PRODUCTIVITYG.S. QURAISHEENational Institute of OceanographyP.E.C.H.S.Karachi 29, PakistanINTRODUCTIONCirculation of the Arabian Sea as well as physical processes and related phenomena havedirect impact on the economic development of the countries in the region. Seasonal changes in theArabian Sea and reversal of monsoons influence various oceanographic and atmospheric processes.The southwest monsoon varies from year to year and causes significant influence on the economy ofPakistan and adjoining countries. The timing of the monsoon and its severity have direct bearing onthe agricultural economy, irrigation, flooding of rivers and even on breeding of marine organisms inthe coastal region. The observations so far obtained and inferences derived from them suggest somepossibility of predicting SW monsoon and other oceanographic parameters.MONSOON AND DYNAMIC HEIGHTSThe atmospheric forcing of the ocean during SW monsoon has been noted from the windstresses during summer months (May - September), when positive stresses with strong gradientsextend to 70'E, covering almost the entire North Arabian Sea (BRUCE, 1981), from the Somali coastto the coasts of Pakistan and India. In view of the pronounced seasonal cycle in the atmospheric andmonsoon oceanic circulation in the Indian Ocean, beginning in April along the Somali coast, there is apossibility of forecasting the SW monsoon intensity if the events are well recorded from the Africancoast to the sub-continent. Such measurements would include dynamic heights, intensity ofupwelling, records of temperature, thickness of the mixed layer, etc.In April, the South Equatorial Current (SEC) along the African coast converges with thesouth- flowing Somali Current to form a loop-like feature which moves northward (MOLINARI,1983). This early indication of the intensity of dynamic heights across the equator appears to havesome relationship with the progressive development of monsoon intensity. One measure of intensityof the SW monsoon is reflected in Indus River discharge, where peak flow develops in August due toheavy rain and from large snowmelt due to persisting warm temperatures. Indus River discharge as aparameter for monsoon intensity has been used to correlate dynamic heights at the equator near Somalicoast (Fig. 1). The variation of surface dynamic heights from 1'N to 1"s off Somali coast have somecorrelation with the intensity of monsoon in Pakistan (QURAISHEE, 1985). Steady and largevariations in the dynamic heights are associated with high river discharges. These two events, i.e.dynamic heights and Indus discharges, have a lag of about 2 months which can be used to predictrnGiiSWfi intensity two mmthhs hence,MONSOON AND SOUTHERN OSCILLATIONOther physical processes, extended over larger oceanic areas, generally known as SouthernOscillations (SO) (PHILANDER, 1983), also appear to have some correlation with the SW monsoonvariability (PANT and PARTHASARATHY, 1981). SO, in fact, represent large scale exchanges ofatmospheric mass between the eastern and western hemispheres, visualised as a see-saw of high229
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Intergovernmental Oceanographic Com
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of the IOC Marine Pollution Monitor
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PageMARGINAL SEASSTORM SURGES IN TH
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Marine PollutionAt present, marine
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THE INDIAN OCEAN --- AN ENVIRONMENT
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The subtropical anticyclonic gyre i
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GEOLOGICALBecause of its asymmetric
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RADIOACTIVE AND THERMAL WASTESIn co
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RESEARCH AND MONITORING ACTIVITIESM
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2-5, Mn 3-7, Zn 8-31, Fe 35-94, Pb
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Localized problems, both short-term
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HOLEMAN, J.N. (1968). The sediment
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UNEP/UNIDO (1982a). Industrial sour
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0-5-24 -I I I I I I I I I 11--25- A
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I*in '0( U N '0- '0 '0 N , p d'0I I
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C'EO IIFigure 6. Observations of oi
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Table 2.Ranges of Dissolved heavy m
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d.2 W2n2 n z0U.IzIO N m mENmIYEE*Ed
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Table 6. Population and related dat
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PROBLEMS IN THE PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAP
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B2: How does the Agulhas Current in
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0Q0mbWbvx(U49
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Figure 6 Average wind stress curl f
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THE DESTRUCTION OF THE TETHYS AND P
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part of the Seychelles-Mascarene bl
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Much of the old Tethys seafloor has
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when there was little or no movemen
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scouring of the sediments by cold b
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CANDE, S.C. and MUTTER, J.C. (1982)
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SHACKLETON, N.J. and KENNETT, J.P.
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0EYNz 10c2XaYWeKB20LuUz a5 cl300 10
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CALCAREOUS FORAMINIFERANANNOFOSSIL
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GEOLOGICAL-GEOPHYSICAL MAPPING OF T
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The latest tectonic generalization
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LE PICHON, X. and HEIRTZLER, J.R. (
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AN EXAMINATION OF THE FACTORS THAT
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is the specific volume anomaly. Po
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circulation. At Nagappattinam, Madr
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Table 1.MarmagaoCochin1969-781958-7
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tFigure 2. An idealized coastal cur
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STATION : BOMBAY~ J , F I M .- , A
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STATION : COCHIN, J , F , M , A , M
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3007STATION : MADRASI J I F , M I A
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STATION : CALCUTTA, J l F , M , A ,
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RED TIDE§ IN THE INDO-WEST PACIFIC
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were observed as early as 1770 duri
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diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP
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GACUTAN, R.Q., TABBU, M.Y., AUJERO,
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Table 1.Clinical symptoms of variou
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Table 3. Fish species implicated in
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FIGURE CAPTIONSFigure la. Trichodes
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(*14aEE15aHH15c120
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MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE INDIAN OCE
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tonnes of monazite. Similar deposit
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Madagascar and the Red Sea. Within
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South Australian Basin: (Figs. 10-1
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Offshore placers are likely to occu
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MILLIMAN, J.D. (1974). Marine Carbo
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Thailand Tin 5560 (1980) NA 4.2 (19
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Table 2. The range (in percent) of
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Table 4. Chemical composition of po
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141FIGURE - 1
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~IT 73qw p' le' IS IFigure 4. Map s
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@A5 3 9 93 3 s 3 m4P 8O C ' . .' ,
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Figure 10. Map showng the abundance
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Figure 14. Map showing the distribu
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IFigure 17. Marine mineral explorat
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central are corals to the integrity
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Very little information is availabl
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leaving little trace of their exist
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REFERENCESAGASSIZ, A. (1903). The c
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PILLAI, C.S.G. (1969b). Studies on
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Table 1.Extent of damage to coral r
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STATUS OF CRITICAL MARINE HABITATS
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OCCURRENCEThe distribution of reefs
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Mining of Reef RockMining of reef r
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-resource. Their significance deriv
Page 170 and 171: Coating of Aerial Roots by Fine Sed
Page 172 and 173: associated with the roots (e.g. GOE
Page 174 and 175: Temperature and SalinityThe effects
Page 176 and 177: significant numbers in the Red Sea,
Page 178 and 179: mersas are known to serve as nurser
Page 180 and 181: BURCHARD, J.E. (1979). Coral fauna
Page 182 and 183: HIRTH, H.F., KLIKOFF, L.G. and HARP
Page 184 and 185: MacNAE, W. (1974). Mangrove forests
Page 186 and 187: RINKEVITCH, B. and LOYA, Y. (1977).
Page 188 and 189: WALKER, D.I. and ORMOND, R.F.G. (19
Page 190 and 191: DAMMING AND DIVERSION OF RIVERSIn d
Page 192 and 193: FUTURE STUDIESWhat can marine scien
Page 194 and 195: !0OD9 -8 Nc80,a,u-3(dcab(Dbrr)8brr)
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Page 198 and 199: STORM SURGES IN THE BAY OF BENGAL*T
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Page 202 and 203: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe writers wish to
Page 204 and 205: Table 1.Latitude and longitude of p
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Page 216 and 217: Table 3. Nomenclature used by India
Page 218 and 219: ANDHRAB A Y OFB E N G A L ,.16'LO 4
Page 222 and 223: pressure in the South Pacific and l
Page 224 and 225: SWALLOW, J.C. (1983). Arabian Sea c
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Page 230 and 231: scale wind phenomenon that occurs w
Page 232 and 233: Several two-dimensional models of t
Page 234 and 235: HARTMANN, M., LANGE, H., SEIBOLD, E
Page 236 and 237: Y-Model Domaint=6hrs.b-250 0 59 Xw-
Page 238 and 239: UELEVATIONS (m) ai 18 HOURS L2:-+EL
Page 240 and 241: HARMONIC CONSTITUENT K,Figure 8. Ob
Page 242 and 243: Age of Semi-Diurnal Tide (hrs)28".+
Page 244 and 245: ! 5"BOTTOMFigure 13. Predicted mode
Page 246 and 247: OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS PELAGIC PR
Page 248 and 249: Low oxygen content in subsurface wa
Page 250 and 251: R/V Dr. F. Nansen trawl of 41 m hea
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Page 254 and 255: Nitrate - NitrogenSimilarly to phos
Page 256 and 257: The maximum standing stocks in the
Page 258 and 259: By April/May the demersal stocks ha
Page 260 and 261: in 6 months when spawning occurs. T
Page 262 and 263: REFERENCES3BANSE, K. (1968). Hydrog
Page 264 and 265: GILSON, H.C., (1937). The nitrogen
Page 266 and 267: ROYAL SOCIETY (1963). International
Page 268 and 269: APPENDIX:REGIONAL COOPERATIVE INVES
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20 015 20 25FEBOC015 20 25 30 35M A
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W0-8w0-Inww[r3a+eW281
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B35 36 a7 XlO+ 35 36 a7- Mar--- Fob
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a, A
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...... :'I. .. ,... .. 8.*.. ... ._
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ASTAT.Si -Si (OH14 in p M - d ~ n -
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YU0IwYY->02(33-1 II 1amLyY>02(33amL
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I I I I I10 Ic L0U0mI(dw -rlo u0w m
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III I I I0. 1....w'3...-0U-J..,....
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297
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clearly is too low. Because of low
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KARBE, L., THIEL, H., WEIKERT, H. a
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50010001 scoOxygen (rnl/l)0I1I2I3I4
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c1 oc50C10001500_j_///.///II:I? 0:3
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THE RED SEAPHYSIOGRAPHYThe Red Sea
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intensity of magnetization which co
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1969; SEARLE and ROSS, 1975). This
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y normal faulting. This is most int
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South of 19"N, the McKENZIE pole no
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BAUMANN, A., RICHTER, H. and SCHOEL
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EYAL, M., EYAL, Y., BARTOV, Y. and
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LEWIS, B.T.R. (1983). The process o
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TARLING, D.H. and MITCHELL, J.G. (1
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mC- 1000- 2000- 3000E0Figure 2.Sche
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-20b-0,20wFigure 4. Seismicity and
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kmaFigure 6. Summary of seismic ref
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kQ)Um 5U0c04 3N 4COQ)k3M*rlk332
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5 b'o w-Y EO'i Ii04!I 0I0I334
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II,'{34/,'0SOMALIAND: N. DANAKILFig
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spreadingvulcanismmblock faultingII
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SUPERFICIAL SEDIMENTS OF NORTHERN R
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normally sorted, with median diamet
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EL-SAYED (1983) used the trace meta
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BEHAIRY, AKA. (1983). Marine transg
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SHUKRI, N.M. (1953). Bottom deposit
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Table 2 Heavy metal concentrations
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EGYPTEl-Morgan 1Bargan IBargan 2Yub
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Figure 4. Distribution of minerals
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ARAGONITEHIGH HG-CALCITEFigure 6. T
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MARINE LIVING RESOURCES OF THE RED
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This elevated productivity may resu
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REVELLE (1981) mentioned that the p
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FISHELSON, L. (1964). Observation o
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