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FUTURE STUDIESWhat can marine scientists do to document and hopefully change this possible disaster? Interms of altering the policy decisions regarding the influx of fossil CO2 to the atmosphere, weprobably can do little. W e may have somewhat greater influence on the building of dams. However,given the nature of the problem, we can document factors which can ultimately quantify the effects thatthese human activities will have on the deltas. Such a program involves basic research with practicalgoals. Some of these are as follows:1) Detailed analysis of tide gauge records can show the relative rise of sea level in thedeltaic areas. If wave gauge stations do not exist in these areas, then they should beinstalled;2) W e need to document the flow patterns and sediment loads of the rivers (particularlybefore and after damming);3) W e need to understand more completely (and more quantitatively) the wave and currentregimes in deltaic areas. By careful comparison of old maps and satellitephotographs, we should be able to determine recent erosion and accretion patterns onthe deltas, and therefore predict which areas might be impacted particularly severely inthe next 50 years.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis paper was prepared for the IOC workshop in Sri Lanka with the help of funds providedby National Science Foundation grant no. OCE 85-01366 and Environmental Protection Agency grantno CR-812941-01-0. I thank D.G. Aubrey (WHOI) and J. Titus (EPA) for discussions that have ledto an increased awareness of coastal problems in Asian countries.REFERENCESHOFFMAN, J.S., KEYES, D. and TITUS, J.G. (1983). Projecting future sea level rise. U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 230-09-007, 121 p.MILLIMAN, J.D. and MEADE,R.H. (1983). Worldwide delivery of river sediment to the oceans. J.Geology, 91, 1-21.MILLIMAN, J.D., QURAISHEE, G.S. and BEG, M.A.A. (1984). Sediment discharge from theIndus River to the ocean: Past, present and future. In: B.U. Haq and J.D. Milliman (eds.),Marine Geology and Oceanography of Arabian Sea and Coastal Pakistan, van NostrandReinhold Co., New York, 65-70.RAHMAN KHAN, H. (1983). Irrigation water requirements in Bangladesh. In: M. Zaman (ed.),River Basin Development, Tycooly Intern. Publ. Co., Dublin.WAHBY, S.D. and BISHARA, N.F. (1981). The effect of the River Nile on Mediterranean waterbefore and after the construction of the High D am at Aswan. In: River Inputs to OceanSystems, UNESCO, 3 11-3 18.198
Table 1. Ranking of the world's major rivers in terms of drainage area, discharge and sedimentload. <strong>Data</strong> from MILLIMAN and MEADE (1983). Asterisks (*) denote Asian rivers.River1. Amazon2. Zaire3. Mississippi4. (Nile)5. LaPlata6. Yenissei7. Ob8. Lena"9. Changjiang10. Amur1 1, MacKenzieTotalB. Average Annual Water DischargeRiver1. Amazon2. Zaire3. Orinoco* 4. GangesIBrah.* 5. Changjiang6. Mississippi7. Yenissei8. Lena9. Plata* 10. MekongTotalC. Average Annual Suspended LoadRiver* 1. GangesBrah.* 2. Huanghe3. Amazon* 4. Changjiang'* 5. Irrawaddy* 6. (Indus)7. Magdalena8, Mississippi9. Orinoco* 10. Hunghe* 11. MekongTotalx 106km26.153.823.27(2.96)2.832.582.502.491.941.851.8129.24 (29% of world total)km3/yr63001250110097 19005805605 1447047013115 (32% of world total)x 106t/yr1670108090047 8285(250)2202102101601605373 (40% of world total)199
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Intergovernmental Oceanographic Com
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of the IOC Marine Pollution Monitor
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PageMARGINAL SEASSTORM SURGES IN TH
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Marine PollutionAt present, marine
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THE INDIAN OCEAN --- AN ENVIRONMENT
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The subtropical anticyclonic gyre i
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GEOLOGICALBecause of its asymmetric
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RADIOACTIVE AND THERMAL WASTESIn co
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RESEARCH AND MONITORING ACTIVITIESM
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2-5, Mn 3-7, Zn 8-31, Fe 35-94, Pb
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Localized problems, both short-term
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HOLEMAN, J.N. (1968). The sediment
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UNEP/UNIDO (1982a). Industrial sour
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0-5-24 -I I I I I I I I I 11--25- A
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I*in '0( U N '0- '0 '0 N , p d'0I I
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C'EO IIFigure 6. Observations of oi
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Table 2.Ranges of Dissolved heavy m
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d.2 W2n2 n z0U.IzIO N m mENmIYEE*Ed
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Table 6. Population and related dat
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PROBLEMS IN THE PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAP
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B2: How does the Agulhas Current in
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0Q0mbWbvx(U49
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Figure 6 Average wind stress curl f
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THE DESTRUCTION OF THE TETHYS AND P
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part of the Seychelles-Mascarene bl
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Much of the old Tethys seafloor has
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when there was little or no movemen
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scouring of the sediments by cold b
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CANDE, S.C. and MUTTER, J.C. (1982)
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SHACKLETON, N.J. and KENNETT, J.P.
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0EYNz 10c2XaYWeKB20LuUz a5 cl300 10
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CALCAREOUS FORAMINIFERANANNOFOSSIL
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GEOLOGICAL-GEOPHYSICAL MAPPING OF T
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The latest tectonic generalization
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LE PICHON, X. and HEIRTZLER, J.R. (
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AN EXAMINATION OF THE FACTORS THAT
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is the specific volume anomaly. Po
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circulation. At Nagappattinam, Madr
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Table 1.MarmagaoCochin1969-781958-7
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tFigure 2. An idealized coastal cur
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STATION : BOMBAY~ J , F I M .- , A
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STATION : COCHIN, J , F , M , A , M
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3007STATION : MADRASI J I F , M I A
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STATION : CALCUTTA, J l F , M , A ,
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RED TIDE§ IN THE INDO-WEST PACIFIC
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were observed as early as 1770 duri
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diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP
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GACUTAN, R.Q., TABBU, M.Y., AUJERO,
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Table 1.Clinical symptoms of variou
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Table 3. Fish species implicated in
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FIGURE CAPTIONSFigure la. Trichodes
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(*14aEE15aHH15c120
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MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE INDIAN OCE
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tonnes of monazite. Similar deposit
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Madagascar and the Red Sea. Within
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South Australian Basin: (Figs. 10-1
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Offshore placers are likely to occu
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MILLIMAN, J.D. (1974). Marine Carbo
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Thailand Tin 5560 (1980) NA 4.2 (19
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Table 2. The range (in percent) of
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Table 4. Chemical composition of po
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141FIGURE - 1
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~IT 73qw p' le' IS IFigure 4. Map s
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Page 144 and 145: Figure 10. Map showng the abundance
Page 146 and 147: Figure 14. Map showing the distribu
Page 148 and 149: IFigure 17. Marine mineral explorat
Page 150 and 151: central are corals to the integrity
Page 152 and 153: Very little information is availabl
Page 154 and 155: leaving little trace of their exist
Page 156 and 157: REFERENCESAGASSIZ, A. (1903). The c
Page 158 and 159: PILLAI, C.S.G. (1969b). Studies on
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Page 162 and 163: STATUS OF CRITICAL MARINE HABITATS
Page 164 and 165: OCCURRENCEThe distribution of reefs
Page 166 and 167: Mining of Reef RockMining of reef r
Page 168 and 169: -resource. Their significance deriv
Page 170 and 171: Coating of Aerial Roots by Fine Sed
Page 172 and 173: associated with the roots (e.g. GOE
Page 174 and 175: Temperature and SalinityThe effects
Page 176 and 177: significant numbers in the Red Sea,
Page 178 and 179: mersas are known to serve as nurser
Page 180 and 181: BURCHARD, J.E. (1979). Coral fauna
Page 182 and 183: HIRTH, H.F., KLIKOFF, L.G. and HARP
Page 184 and 185: MacNAE, W. (1974). Mangrove forests
Page 186 and 187: RINKEVITCH, B. and LOYA, Y. (1977).
Page 188 and 189: WALKER, D.I. and ORMOND, R.F.G. (19
Page 190 and 191: DAMMING AND DIVERSION OF RIVERSIn d
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Page 196 and 197: 0 0-0 00 O0O 0% LD d- m cu 0 0202
Page 198 and 199: STORM SURGES IN THE BAY OF BENGAL*T
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Page 202 and 203: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe writers wish to
Page 204 and 205: Table 1.Latitude and longitude of p
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Page 209 and 210: 0Poa9nU0m0Yan-I2li7mYUVQk?401mc0mYm
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Page 216 and 217: Table 3. Nomenclature used by India
Page 218 and 219: ANDHRAB A Y OFB E N G A L ,.16'LO 4
Page 220 and 221: INDIABAY OF-Point CalirnereLanka L-
Page 222 and 223: pressure in the South Pacific and l
Page 224 and 225: SWALLOW, J.C. (1983). Arabian Sea c
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Page 230 and 231: scale wind phenomenon that occurs w
Page 232 and 233: Several two-dimensional models of t
Page 234 and 235: HARTMANN, M., LANGE, H., SEIBOLD, E
Page 236 and 237: Y-Model Domaint=6hrs.b-250 0 59 Xw-
Page 238 and 239: UELEVATIONS (m) ai 18 HOURS L2:-+EL
Page 240 and 241: HARMONIC CONSTITUENT K,Figure 8. Ob
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Age of Semi-Diurnal Tide (hrs)28".+
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! 5"BOTTOMFigure 13. Predicted mode
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OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS PELAGIC PR
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Low oxygen content in subsurface wa
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R/V Dr. F. Nansen trawl of 41 m hea
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thermocline temperature decreases s
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Nitrate - NitrogenSimilarly to phos
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The maximum standing stocks in the
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By April/May the demersal stocks ha
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in 6 months when spawning occurs. T
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REFERENCES3BANSE, K. (1968). Hydrog
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GILSON, H.C., (1937). The nitrogen
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ROYAL SOCIETY (1963). International
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APPENDIX:REGIONAL COOPERATIVE INVES
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20 015 20 25FEBOC015 20 25 30 35M A
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W0-8w0-Inww[r3a+eW281
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B35 36 a7 XlO+ 35 36 a7- Mar--- Fob
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a, A
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...... :'I. .. ,... .. 8.*.. ... ._
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ASTAT.Si -Si (OH14 in p M - d ~ n -
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YU0IwYY->02(33-1 II 1amLyY>02(33amL
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I I I I I10 Ic L0U0mI(dw -rlo u0w m
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III I I I0. 1....w'3...-0U-J..,....
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297
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clearly is too low. Because of low
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KARBE, L., THIEL, H., WEIKERT, H. a
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50010001 scoOxygen (rnl/l)0I1I2I3I4
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c1 oc50C10001500_j_///.///II:I? 0:3
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THE RED SEAPHYSIOGRAPHYThe Red Sea
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intensity of magnetization which co
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1969; SEARLE and ROSS, 1975). This
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y normal faulting. This is most int
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South of 19"N, the McKENZIE pole no
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BAUMANN, A., RICHTER, H. and SCHOEL
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EYAL, M., EYAL, Y., BARTOV, Y. and
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LEWIS, B.T.R. (1983). The process o
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TARLING, D.H. and MITCHELL, J.G. (1
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mC- 1000- 2000- 3000E0Figure 2.Sche
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-20b-0,20wFigure 4. Seismicity and
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kmaFigure 6. Summary of seismic ref
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kQ)Um 5U0c04 3N 4COQ)k3M*rlk332
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5 b'o w-Y EO'i Ii04!I 0I0I334
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II,'{34/,'0SOMALIAND: N. DANAKILFig
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spreadingvulcanismmblock faultingII
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SUPERFICIAL SEDIMENTS OF NORTHERN R
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normally sorted, with median diamet
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EL-SAYED (1983) used the trace meta
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BEHAIRY, AKA. (1983). Marine transg
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SHUKRI, N.M. (1953). Bottom deposit
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Table 2 Heavy metal concentrations
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EGYPTEl-Morgan 1Bargan IBargan 2Yub
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Figure 4. Distribution of minerals
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ARAGONITEHIGH HG-CALCITEFigure 6. T
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MARINE LIVING RESOURCES OF THE RED
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This elevated productivity may resu
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REVELLE (1981) mentioned that the p
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FISHELSON, L. (1964). Observation o
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