Medicinal Plants with Wound Healing and Antioxidant Activity ... - IJPI

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFREVIEW ARTICLEPHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATIONS ISSN 2249-1031Medicinal Plants with Wound Healing and AntioxidantActivity: An Update1 Aggarwal Sushma* and Sardana Satish 21 Department of Pharmacy, JJT University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, INDIA2 Hindu College of Pharmacy, Sonepat, Haryana, INDIAAbstract:For centuries, plants have been used to treat several diseases worldwide including woundhealing, and are still playing a major role in healthcare systems in many developing countries.Wound is defined as the disruption of the cellular and anatomic continuity of a tissue andmay be produced by physical, chemical, thermal, microbial or immunological insult to thetissues. The process of wound healing consists of integrated cellular and biochemical eventsleading to re-establishment of structural and functional integrity with regain of strength ininjured tissues. During wound healing reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals areproduced at the site of wound as a defence mechanism against invading bacteria but at highconcentrations ROS can induce severe tissue damage and decreasing the healing process bydamaging the cellular membranes, DNA, proteins and lipids. It has been found that manyplants or plant-derived compounds possess high levels of antioxidant properties and alsoshow wound-healing activities by scavenging these free radicals. This paper presents areview of plants with Wound healing and antioxidant activity. These are Acacia Senegal,Centellia asiatica, Curcuma longa, Ficus lutea, Plumbago indica , Wedelia trilobata ,Limonia Acidissima , Sphaeranthus amaranthoides ,Morinda citrifolia and many more. So itis the need of hour to search for “natural remedies” for the treatment of wounds with novelantioxidant activity.Keywords: Wound, Wound healing, Antioxidant, Free radical scavenger,Introduction:For centuries plants have been used in thetreatment of various diseases since timeimmemorial in both organised (Ayurvedaand Unani) and unorganised (folk, tribal,native) forms [1] . Materia Medica of Indiaprovides a lot of information on thefolklore practice and traditional aspects oftherapeutically important natural products.Traditional systems of medicine in Indialike Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha andHomeopathy (AYUSH), are based on theuse of herbal medicines and constitute thebackbone of all these systems. The WHOestimates that about 80% of populationliving in developing countries rely almoston traditional medicines for their primaryhealthcare needs [2] . Today, a substantial*Corresponding AuthorAggarwal SushmaVolume 3, Issue 4, July − August 201330 | P a g ehttp://www.ijpi.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFREVIEW ARTICLEPHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATIONS ISSN 2249-1031number of drugs are developed fromplants that are active against a number ofdiseases including wound healing [3] .Wounds are physical injuries that result inan opening or breaking of the skin. Woundis defined as the disruption of the cellularand anatomic continuity of a living tissue.Wound may be produced by physical,chemical, thermal, microbial orimmunological insult to the tissues [4] .Types of wounds:Wounds are classified into differentcategories on the basis of underlying causeof wound creation and on the basis ofphysiology of wound healing as shownbelow-TYPES OF WOUNDSBased onunderlying causeofwound creationBased onPhysiology ofwound healingOpen woundsClosed woundsAcute woundsChronic wounds*Abrasion wounds*Lacration wounds*Incised wounds*Puncure wounds*Penetrationwounds*Gunshot wounds*Contusion*Hematomas* Crush injuriesVolume 3, Issue 4, July − August 201331 | P a g ehttp://www.ijpi.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFREVIEW ARTICLEPHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATIONS ISSN 2249-1031Mechanism of Wound HealingWound healing is a complex process andconsists of integrated cellular andbiochemical events that lead to reestablishmentof structural and functionalintegrity with regain of strength in injuredtissues. Proper healing of wounds isessential for the restoration of disruptedanatomical continuity and disturbedfunctional status of the skin.The response to injury is immediate andthe damaged tissue or wound for properhealing passes through three broadphases [5, 6] . These are‣ The inflammatory phase‣ The fibroplastic phase‣ The remodelling phaseThe inflammatory phase prepares thearea for healing and immobilizes thewound by causing it to swell and becomepainful, so that movement becomesrestricted. The fibroplastic phase rebuildsthe structure and then the remodellingphase provides the final healed form.Wounds affect physical and mentalhealth of millions of patients and imposesignificant cost to them. [7] . Impairedwound healing can result into severemorbidity leading to long hospitalizationof patients. There are many factors thatcan interfere with wound healing processand thus causing improper or impairedwound healing. These factors includepoor nutrition, insufficient oxygenation,infection, prolonged inflammation, age,diabetes and other diseases, drugs,smoking, alcoholism, depression,oxidative stress and many more [8] .Volume 3, Issue 4, July − August 2013Oxidative stress plays an important rolein impaired wound healing and causesdamage to the growing tissue at therepair site. Oxidative stress results froman imbalance between the generation ofreactive oxygen species and endogenousantioxidant systems. In the inflammatoryphase of wound healing, reactive oxygenspecies are produced as a defencemechanism against invading bacteria byneutrophills and macrophages, and lowlevels of ROS are also essentialmediators of intracellular signalling .Wound related non-phagocytic cells alsogenerate free radicals by involving nonphagocyticNADPH oxidase mechanism[9] . However, excessive amounts of ROSare deleterious due to their high reactivityand causes oxidative stress. The processof wound healing may be hampered bythe presence of these free radicals whichcan damage the cells surrounding thewound in excessive amount. At highconcentration ROSs also induce severtissue damage, pathogenesis of chronic,non-healing wound and even lead toneoplastic transformation which furtherdelay healing process by causing damageto cellular membranes, DNA , proteinsand lipids[10] . Therefore, a tightregulation of ROS production anddetoxification is crucial for the normalrepair process.Antioxidants reduce these effects causedby oxidative stress by reacting with thesefree radicals or ROSs and act as freeradical scavengers. Free-radicalscavengingenzymes are cytoprotectiveenzymes that have an essential role in thereduction, deactivation and removal of32 | P a g ehttp://www.ijpi.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFREVIEW ARTICLEPHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATIONS ISSN 2249-1031ROS as well as in regulating the woundhealing process.Hence, if the plant or its extract havingantioxidant potentials could be a goodtherapeutic agent for accelerating thewound healing process and could beexpected to promote epithelisation bycontrolling oxidative stress. Botanicalswith antioxidant or free radicalscavengingactivity thus can play asignificant role in healing of wounds [11] .The aim of treating wounds is to shortenthe time taken for healing and to reducerisks of undesired complications [12] .The wound healing activities of plantshave been explored in folklore. Plantspromote therepairmechanisms in the natural way. Herbalmedicines in wound management involvedisinfection, debridement and providinga moist environment to encourage theestablishment of the suitable environmentfor natural healing process [13] . Extensiveresearch has been carried out in the areaof wound healing management throughmedicinal plants. Topical applications ofcompounds with free-radical-scavengingproperties in patients have shownimproved wound healing activity andalso protect tissues from oxidativedamage [14]In this review an attempt has been madeto explore medicinal plants havingpotential wound healing and antioxidantproperties which could be beneficial intherapeutic practice and helpful forresearcher to develop new Woundhealing formulations for human use. Alist of plants possessing both woundhealing and antioxidant properties ispresented in table1 with their botanicalname, family, part used andcorresponding reference.Conclusion:Many plants used traditionally intreatment of wound also have potentialantioxidant activity. This review helpsthe researchers to explore plants for thetreatment of wounds with novelantioxidant activity that could bebeneficial in therapeutic practice.Volume 3, Issue 4, July − August 201333 | P a g ehttp://www.ijpi.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFREVIEW ARTICLEPHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATIONS ISSN 2249-1031Table: List of medicinal plants having wound healing and antioxidant activityS.N Botanical name Family Part used References1 Acacia Senegal (L. Wild) Fabaceae Bark [15]2 Acalypha indica L. Euphobiaceae Whole plant [15]3 Achyranthes aspera Linn Amaranthaceae Leaves [16]4 Allophyllus rubifolius (Hochst. Ex A Saphindaceae Leaf [15]Rich.) Engl.5 Allophylus africanus Beau, Sapindaceae Leaves [17]6 Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae Roots [18]7 Anagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae Aerial parts [19]8 Anagallis foemina Mill Primulaceae Aerial parts [19]9 Anogeissus dhofarica A.J. Scott Combretaceae Tubers [15]10 Anogeissus leiocarpus Combretaceae Leaves [18]11 Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Rubiaceae Whole plant [20]12 Aristolochia bracteolate L. Aristolochiaceae Leaves [21]13 Becium dhofarense Sebald Lamiaceae Shoot [15]14 Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf Zingiberaceae Rhizome [22]15 Bridelia ferruginea Benth Phyllanthaceae Leaf [23]16 Buddleja globosa Hope Scrophulariaceae Leaf [24]17 Centelia asiastica(L.)Urb Araliaceae Leaves [25]18 Chromolaena odorata L. Asteraceae Leaves [26]19 Cleodandrum infortunatum L. Verbenaceae Leaves [27]20 Combretum smeathmanii G. Don Combretaceae Leaves [28]21 Corchorus olitorius Tiliaceae Leaves [18]22 Cordia perrottetti L. Boraginaceae Bark [15]23 Couroupita guianensis Aublet Lecythiadaceae: Whole plant [29]24 Crateva magna Buch Ham Capparidaceae Leaves [30]25 Croton bonplandianum Euporbiaceae Leaves [31]26 Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Curcumin [32]27 Dendrophthoe falcate (L. f.) Ettingsh Loranthaceae Aerial parts [33]28 Ficus asperifolia Miq Moraceae Bark [34]29 Ficus lutea Vahl Moraceae Whole plant [15]Volume 3, Issue 4, July − August 201334 | P a g ehttp://www.ijpi.org

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