Ocean chemistry and deep-sea sediments

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Global fluxes in the ocean constitute dissolved and particulate matter.We start with particulate matters. There are mainly two types ofsediment, biogenic and terrigenous (incl. volcanic) sediments. There is aminor amount of extraterrestrial sediments.• Biogenic sediment production of planktonic marine organism dependsupon both nutrients and sunlight and can be devided up in siliceousand calcareous oozes, made up by zooplankton and phytoplankton.Remember ocean circulation causes upwelling where highbiogenic sedimentation rates occur.
Biogenic sedimentsBeneath high-production upwelling cells the following sediment types concentrate:1. Siliceous ooze which consists of (phytoplankton) diatomsand/or (zooplankton) radiolaria.Diatom oozes are typical of high latitudes and some continental margin areas.Radiolarian oozes are characteristic for warmer equatorial regions.Siliceous oozes match closely very high productivity areas with highconcentrations of phosphate.
Page 1 and 2: Ocean chemistryanddeep-sea sediment
Page 3: 1. Introduction - Type of deep-sea
Page 7 and 8: Sediments in the open ocean are cal
Page 9: Carbonate oozePhytoplankton - Cocco
Page 12 and 13: Gastropod molluscs- pteropodsAragon
Page 15 and 16: Cold-water coral reefsExamples of d
Page 17 and 18: Zooplankton - Radiolaria
Page 20 and 21: Calcareous and Siliceousmicrofossil
Page 22 and 23: Nutrients and δ 13 C13δ C =1313(
Page 24: Modern and glacial Atlantic interme
Page 28 and 29: Clay mineralsKaolinite is formed by
Page 30: Turbidites
Page 33: LGM ice sheet extentIRD input
Page 37: Sedimentation rates
Page 40 and 41: 2. Chemical cycles in the Oceans
Page 42 and 43: Steady state oceanWhat do the nutri
Page 44 and 45: Dissolved constituents arecoming fr
Page 46 and 47: A large part of the decomposed mate
Page 48 and 49: Phosphate distribution in oceansat
Page 50 and 51: Upper right: Nutrients areenriched
Page 52 and 53: 3. Accumulation of pelagic biogenic
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Preservation of pelagic carbonatese
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1 2Ca 2+ concentrations inseawater
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Preservation of pelagic carbonatese
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The Lysoclineand the Carbonate Comp
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SUMMARY:• The solubility of calci
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Transport and deposition of dissolv
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Water mass stratification hinderpar
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Sedimentation ratesdetermine time r
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What causes the Gulfstream?Circulat
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• Transport of sediments to the o
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Sediment drifts• A major step in
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Sediment waves or mud waves
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Bottom currents and sediment drifto
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Downslope transport by gravitation
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IntroductionTwo factors are crucial
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Tsunami deposits on landIcelandStor
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Continental margin slope failuresDo
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Slide headwalls ArcticShelf
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Rotational slumps/faults at Stornes
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Glide planes and sediment typesThe
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Debris flow
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Downslopesedimenttransport•TMF•
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Sidescan Sonar and Seismic Images
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Continental margin slope failuresDo
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Solsikke - Seabed topographySlide d
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Key questions for the understanding
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Slope angles - Section B
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Summary•Geological, morphological
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Mienert, J. & Weaver, P.P.W., eds.,
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Ice margin 18 000 BPGrand BanksSour
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Scotian Slope multibeamDownloaded f
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From Pickrill et al., 2001. OTC pap
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Upper and middle slope canyonseast
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Single channel airgun profile over
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Slope canyon incisions and sediment
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Diagenesisof sediments after burial
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Ocean chemistry and deep-sea sediments

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