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342 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.tlie leaf, fixes tlie edge of the lower mandible in the notch, andby a powerful nijD breaks off a piece of the shell. Again takingthe nut in its claws, it inserts the very long and shai'p point ofthe bill and picks out the kernel, which is seized hold of, morselHEAD OF BLACK COCKATOO.by morsel, by the extensible tongue. Tims every detail of formand structure in the extraordinary bill of this bird seems tohave its use, and we may easily conceive that the black cockatooshave maintained themselves in competition with their more
XXXI.] ARU ISLANDS.—RESIDENCE IN THE INTERIOR. 343active and more numerous wliite allies, by their power of existingon a kind of food which no other l)ird is able to extract fromits stony shell. The species is the Microglossum aterrimum ofnaturalists.During the two weeks which I spent in this little settlement,I had good opportunities of observing the natives at their ownhome, and living in their usual manner. There is a great monotonyand uniformity in every -day savage life, and it seemed tome a more miserable existence than when it had tlie charm ofnovelty. To begin with the most important fact in the existenceof uncivilized peoples—their food—the Aru men have no regularsupply, no staff of life, such as bread, rice, mandiocca, maize, orsago, which are the daily food of a large pro^Dortion of mankind.They have, however, many sorts of vegetables, plantains, yams,sweet potatoes, and raw sago ;and they chew up vast quantitiesof sugar-cane, as well as betel-nuts, gambir, and tobacco.Those who live on the coast have plenty of fish ; but when inland,as we are here, they only go to the sea occasionally, andthen bring home cockles and other shell-fish by the boatload.Now and then they get wild pig or kangaroo, but too rarely toform anything like a regular part of tlieir diet, which is essentiallyvegetable ; and what is of more importance, as affectingtheir health, green, watery vegetables, imperfectly cooked, andeven these in varying and often insufficient quantities. Tothis diet may be attributed the prevalence of skin diseases, andulcers on the legs and joints. The scurfy skin disease socommon among savages has a close connexion with the poornessand irregularity of tlieir living. The Malays, who are neverwithout their daily rice, are generally free from it ; the hill-Dyaks of Borneo, who grow rice and live well, are clean skinned,while the less industrious and less cleanly tribes, who live for aportion of the year on fruits and vegetables only, are verysubject to tliis malady. It seems clear that in this, as in otherrespects, man is not able to make a beast of himself withimpunity, feeding like the cattle on the herbs and :fruits of theearth, and taking no thouglit of tlie morrow. To maintain hishealth and beauty he must labour to prepare some farinaceousproduct capable of being stored and accumulated, so as to givehim a regular supply of wholesome food. Wlien this is obtained,he may add vegetables, fruits, and meat with advantage.The chief luxury of the Aru people, besides betel and tobacco,is arrack "(Java rum), which the traders bring in great quantitiesand sell very cheap. A day's fishing or rattan cutting will purchaseat least a half-gallon bottle ; and wlien the tripang or birds'nests collected during a season are sold, they get whole boxes,each containing fifteen such bottles, which the inmates of a housewill sit round day and night till they have finished. Tliey themselvestell me that at such bouts they often tear to pieces thehouse they are in, break and destroy everything they can lay theirhands on, and make such an infernal riot as is alarming to behold.
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STORAGE-ITE'^iMAIN'-P9-Q30BU.B.C. L
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J( K/. ^ /.THE MALAY AECHIPELAGO
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TOCHARLES DARWINAUTHOR OF ''THE ORI
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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITIONMy read
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—XPKEFACEhave known where they we
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xiiPREFACEgenerally employed one or
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XIVCONTEXTSTHE MOLUCCASCHAP.PAGEXIX
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOXSxviiMAPSMap sh
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;THE MALAY AECHIPELAGO.CHAPTEK I.PH
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I.] PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 5miles off,
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I.] PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 7there is a
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-I ^ D £*• '*-'*;0«r*'-'?rif5af
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10 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.the
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12 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.thr
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14 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.the
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118 THE MALAY AECHIPELAGO. [chap.To
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—20 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.
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22 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.bel
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24 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.hav
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26 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chai-.tr
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28 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.are
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IV.] BORNEO—THE ORANG-UTAN. 29som
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IV.] BORNEO—THE ORANG-UTAN. 31hun
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IV.] BORNEO—THE ORANG-UTAN. 33vai
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IV.] BORXEO—THE ORAXG-UTAN. 35aft
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IV.] BORNEO—THE ORANG-UTAK 37and
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IV.] BORNEO—THE ORANG-UTAN. 39rou
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IV.] BORNEO—THE ORAXG-UTAX. 41our
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IV. 1BORNEO—THE ORANG-UTAK 43the
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i\-.l BORNEO—THE ORANG-UTAX. 45No
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,IV.] BORNEO—THE ORAXG-UTAX. 47My
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v.] BORNEO—JOURNEY IN THE INTERIO
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;v.] BORXEO—JOURXEY IX THE IXTERI
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—v.] BORNEO—JOURNEY IN THE INTE
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VI.] BORNEO—THE DYAKS. 67dark pal
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VI.] BORXEO—THE DYAKS. 69some fru
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VI. 1BORNEO—THE DYAKS. 71vices, n
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VII.] JAVA. 73placed a Dutch Reside
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VII. 1 JAVA. 75rule in India, and t
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VII.] JAVA. 77there is a wooden gon
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VII.] JAVA. 79The courtyard and the
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VII.] JAVA. 81hill, and consists of
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VII.] JAVA. 83two small bamboo room
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VII.] JAVA. 85take his morning coiJ
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VII.] JAVA. 87are peculiar to the J
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vii.l JAVA. 89we were going to make
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VII.] JAVA. 91or ten of Rubiis, and
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VIII. 1 SUMATRA. 93neck are of an e
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VIII.] SUMATRA. 95abo\-e Palerabang
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VIII.] SUMATRA. 97little doubt, fro
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VIII.] SUMATRA. 99applies to the ma
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viii.] SUMATRA. 101from this radiat
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VIII.] SUMATRA. 103and give me a fi
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VIII.]SUMATRA. lOibut exquisitely s
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IX.] NATURAL HISTORY OF THE IXDO-MA
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IX.] NATURAL HISTORY OF THE INDO-MA
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IX.] NATURAL HISTORY OF THE INDO-MA
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IX.] XATURAL HISTORY OF THE IXDO-MA
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X.] BALI AXD LOMBOOK. 115Rhinoceros
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X.] BALI AXD LOMBOCK. 117for cuttin
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;X.] BALI AXD LOilBOCK. 119the aven
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X.] BALI AND LOMBOCK. T21of the gre
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X.] BALI AND LOMBOCK. 123tliese pes
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CUSTOMSXI.] LOMBOCK :OF THE PEOPLE.
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XI.] LOMBOCK : CUSTOMSOF THE PEOPLE
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CUSTOMSXI.] LOMBOCK :OF THE PEOPLE.
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CUSTOMSXI. 1LOMBOCK :OF THE PEOPLE.
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XII.] LOMBOCK: HOW THE KAJAH TOOK T
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HOWXIT.] LOMBOCK :THE RAJAH TOOK TH
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XIII.] TIMOK. 141"The needles which
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XIII.] TIMOR. 143not found at Coupa
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;XIII.] TIMOR. 145fort is only a mu
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XIII.] TIMOR. 147tions might be fou
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XIII.] TIMOR. Id9the eastern part o
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xiii.] TIMOR. 151protected jjeople
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XIII.] TIMOR. 153trees fall as comp
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xiY.] KATUKAL HISTOKY OF TIMOR. 151
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In Flores.
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XIV.] NATURAL HISTORY OF TBIOR. 159
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XIV.] NATURAL HISTORY OF TIMOR. 161
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XV.] CELEBES. 163house. The streets
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XV.] CELEBES. 165objection to go in
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;XV.] CELEBES. 167door-step, and as
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'XVI.] CELEBES. 169hour we started
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XV. 1CELEBES. 171words of Malay, an
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XV.] CELEBES. 173while a long bambo
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XVI.] CELEBES. 175CHAPTER XVI.CELEB
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XVI.] CELEBES. 177tropical vegetabl
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aXVI.] CELEBES. 179trees, and overs
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—XVI. 1CELEBES. 181heavy loads of
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;XVI.] CELEBES. 183The geological s
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XVII.] CELEBES. 185CHAPTER XVII.CEL
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XVII.] CELEBES, 187port of Menado u
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190 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.Ne
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192 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.ro
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I191 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.w
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196 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.ho
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198 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.is
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200 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.ab
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202 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.re
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204 THE JIALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.I
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206 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.se
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208 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chai'.c
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210 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.Th
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212 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.si
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—214 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap
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216 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.pu
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218 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.th
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;222 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.t
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224 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.is
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226 THE JtlALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.
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II228 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.
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230 THE ilALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chai-.
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232 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.ye
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234 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.ch
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236 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.ab
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238 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.Ba
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240 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.we
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242 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [(^hap.n
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244 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [cHAr.ha
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246 THE ]\IALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.
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248 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [cHAr.re
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250 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chai-.r
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252 THE ilALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [cnAr,b
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XXIV.] BATCHIAN. 253known bird. The
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—XXIV.] BATCHIAK 255a written ord
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XXIV.] BATCHIAN. 257having a much g
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XXIV.] BATCHIAX. 259Butterflies wer
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XXIV.] BATCHIAN. 261individuals. Wh
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XXIV.] BATCHIAK 263in the Moluccas.
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XXIV.] BATCHIAK 265usual and except
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XXV.] CERAM, GORAM, AND THE MATABEL
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270 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.ve
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272 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.in
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—;I274 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [ch
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;276 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.p
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278 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap. x
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280 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap,Ce
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;282 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.i
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286 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.of
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;288 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.i
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290 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.or
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292 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.tr
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294 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.we
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Page 332 and 333: 298 THE :MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.s
Page 334 and 335: 300 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.la
Page 336 and 337: 302 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.pe
Page 338 and 339: 304 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.Ob
Page 340: 306 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap100
Page 343 and 344: xxvii.] THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE
Page 345 and 346: xxv-iii.] MACASSAR TO THE ARU ISLAN
Page 347 and 348: sxYiii.] MACASSAR TO THE ARU ISLAND
Page 349 and 350: xsviii.] MACASSAR TO THE ARU ISLAND
Page 351 and 352: —xxviii.] MACASSAR TO THE ARU ISL
Page 353 and 354: XXIX.] THE K6 islands. 317we rounde
Page 355 and 356: sxix.] THE Kf; ISLANDS. 319Mongolia
Page 357 and 358: iXXIX.] THE Kfi ISLA]SrDS. 321littl
Page 359 and 360: XXIX.] THE Kfi ISLANDS. 323himself
Page 361 and 362: —XXIX.] THE Kl: ISLANDS. 325leave
Page 363 and 364: XXX.] THE ARU ISLANDS.—RESIDENCE
Page 367 and 368: —XXX.] THE ARU ISLANDS.—RESIDEX
Page 374 and 375: NATIVES OF ARU SHOOTING THE GREAT B
Page 376 and 377: 338 THE JIALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.r
Page 378 and 379: 340 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.sa
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Page 396 and 397: 358 THE MALAY AECHIPELAGO. [chap.re
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390 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.an
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CH. xsxv.] VOYAGE FROM CERAM TO AVA
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XXXV.] VOYAGE FROM CERAM TO WAIGIOU
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XXXV.] VOYAGE FROM CERAM TO WAIGIOU
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xxxT.] VOYAGE FROM CERAM TO AVAIGIO
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xxxYi.] WAIGIOU. 401house could be
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XXXVI.]that the weatherwas uniDrece
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xxxvi.] WAIGIOU. 405Sultan of Tidor
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Sxxxvi.] WAIGIOU.407severe knocks o
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sxxvi.] WAIGIOU. 409curious disease
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412 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.so
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iU THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.the
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416 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [cHAr.fo
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418 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [cuap.st
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XXXVIII.] THE BIRDS OF PARADISE. 41
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xxxviii.] THE CIKDS OF PARADISE. 42
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xxxviii.] THE BIRDS OF PARADISE. 42
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secondXXXVIII.] THE BIRDS OF PARADI
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xsxviii.] THE BIRDS OF PARADISE. 42
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—XXXVIII.] THE BIRDS OF PARADISE.
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XXXIX.] NATURAL HISTORY OF THE PAPU
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XL.] RACES OF MAN IN THE MALAY ARCH
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XL.] RACES OF MAX IX THE MALAY ARCH
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XL.] RACES OF MAX IX THE SLA.LAY AR
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'XL.] RACES OF MAN IN THE MALAY ARC
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APPENDIX.ON THE CRANIA AND THE LANG
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—APPE^'DIX. 461skull (70) in the
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—APPEXDIX. 463Having before had e
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APPENDIX. 465*9. Tomohon ;*10. Lang
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APPENDIX. 46745. Matabello.—Small
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.APPENDIX. 469OF THE Malay Akchipel
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APPENDIX. 471Languages of the Malay
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APPENDIX. 475Language? of the Malay
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.APPENDIX. 477Languages o? the Mala
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ArPEXDIX. 479Languages ofthe Malav
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INDEX.A.Abel, Dr. Clarke, his accou
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IXDEX. 499Batcliian, island of, 4 ;
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INDEX. 501specimens of, 29 ; the Om
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;INDEX. 503tion system, 196 ; femal
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INDEX. 505variety of, 265 ; of the
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;INDEX. 507Mahometan priest at DoLb
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INDEX. 509^Moluccas, tlie, 6 ; a fo
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";INDEX. 511Pelah, bad account of,
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;IXDEX. 513Snake on board, 267Snake
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•.INDEX. >15departure from, 360 ;
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University of British Columbia Libr
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^jl^^SlJ^'';
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