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216 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.pursuit. But there seems no unusual abundance of insectivorousbirds to render this necessary ; and as we cannot believetliat such a curious peculiarity is without meaning, it seemsl^robable that it is the result of a former condition of things,when the island possessed a much riclier fauna, the relics ofwhich we see in the isolated birds and Mammalia now inhabitingit ; and when the abundance of insectivorous creatures renderedsome unusual means of escape a necessity for the large-wingedand showy butterflies. It is some confirmation of this view,that neither the very small nor the very obscui'ely colouredgroujDS of butterflies have elongated wings, nor is any modificationperceptible in those strong-winged groups wliich alreadypossess great strength and rajDidity of flight. These werealready sufficiently protected from their enemies, and did notrequire increased power of escaping from them. It is not at
—XVIII.] NATURAL HISTORY OF CELEBES. 217all clear what effect the peculiar curvature of the wings hasin modifying flight.Another curious feature in the zoology of Celebes is alsoworthy of attention. I allude to the absence of several groupswhich are found on both sides of it, in the Indo-Malay islandsas well as in the Moluccas ; and which tlius seem to be unable,from some unknown cause, to obtain a footing in the interveningisland. In Birds we have the two families of Podargid?e andLaniadfe, which range over the whole Ai'cliipelago and intoAustralia, and which yet have no representative in Celebes.The genera Ceyx among Kingfishers, Criniger among Thrushes,Rhipidura among Flycatchers, and Erythrura among Finches,are all found in the Moluccas as well as in Borneo and Java,but not a single species belonging to any one of them is foundin Celebes. Among insects, the large genus of Rose-chafers,Lomaptera, is found in every country and island between Indiaand New Guinea, except Celebes. This unexpected absence ofmany groups, from one limited district in the very centre oftheir area of distribution, is a phenomenon not altogetherunique, but, I believe, nowhere so well marked as in this case ;and it certainly adds considerably to the strange character ofthis remarkable island.The anomalies and eccentricities in the natural history ofCelebes which I have endeavoured to sketch in this chapter, allpoint to an origin in a remote antiquity. The history ofextinct animals teaches us that their distribution in time andin space are strikingly similar. The rule is, that just as theproductions of adjacent areas usually resemble each otherclosely, so do the productions of successive periods in the samearea ; and as tlie productions of remote ai^eas generally differwidely, so do the productions of the same area at I'emote epochs.We are therefore led irresistibly to the conclusion, that changeof species, still more of generic and of family form, is a matterof time. But time may have led to a change of species in onecountry, while in another the forms have been more permanent,or the change may have gone on at an equal rate but in adifferent manner in both. In eitlier case the amount of individualityin the productions of a district, will be to some extent ameasure of the time that district has been isolated from thosethat surround it. Judged by this standard, Celebes must beone of tlie oldest parts of the Archipelago. It probably datesfrom a pei'iod not only anterior to that when Borneo, Java, andSumatra were separated from the continent, but from that stillmore remote epocli when tlie land that now constitutes tlicseislands had not risen above the ocean. Such an antiquity isnecessary to account for the number of animal forms itpossesses, which show no relation to those of India or Australia,but rather with those of Africa ; and we are led to speculateon the possibility of there having once existed a continent inthe Indian Ocean which might serve as a bridge to connect
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STORAGE-ITE'^iMAIN'-P9-Q30BU.B.C. L
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J( K/. ^ /.THE MALAY AECHIPELAGO
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TOCHARLES DARWINAUTHOR OF ''THE ORI
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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITIONMy read
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—XPKEFACEhave known where they we
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xiiPREFACEgenerally employed one or
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XIVCONTEXTSTHE MOLUCCASCHAP.PAGEXIX
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOXSxviiMAPSMap sh
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;THE MALAY AECHIPELAGO.CHAPTEK I.PH
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I.] PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 5miles off,
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I.] PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 7there is a
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-I ^ D £*• '*-'*;0«r*'-'?rif5af
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10 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.the
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12 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.thr
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14 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.the
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16 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.CHA
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118 THE MALAY AECHIPELAGO. [chap.To
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—20 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.
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22 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.bel
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24 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.hav
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26 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chai-.tr
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28 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.are
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IV.] BORNEO—THE ORANG-UTAN. 29som
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IV.] BORNEO—THE ORANG-UTAN. 31hun
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IV.] BORNEO—THE ORANG-UTAN. 33vai
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IV.] BORXEO—THE ORAXG-UTAN. 35aft
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IV.] BORNEO—THE ORANG-UTAK 37and
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IV.] BORNEO—THE ORANG-UTAN. 39rou
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IV.] BORNEO—THE ORAXG-UTAX. 41our
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IV. 1BORNEO—THE ORANG-UTAK 43the
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i\-.l BORNEO—THE ORANG-UTAX. 45No
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,IV.] BORNEO—THE ORAXG-UTAX. 47My
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v.] BORNEO—JOURNEY IN THE INTERIO
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;v.] BORXEO—JOURXEY IX THE IXTERI
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—v.] BORNEO—JOURNEY IN THE INTE
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VI.] BORNEO—THE DYAKS. 67dark pal
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VI.] BORXEO—THE DYAKS. 69some fru
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VI. 1BORNEO—THE DYAKS. 71vices, n
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VII.] JAVA. 73placed a Dutch Reside
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VII. 1 JAVA. 75rule in India, and t
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VII.] JAVA. 77there is a wooden gon
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VII.] JAVA. 79The courtyard and the
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VII.] JAVA. 81hill, and consists of
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VII.] JAVA. 83two small bamboo room
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VII.] JAVA. 85take his morning coiJ
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VII.] JAVA. 87are peculiar to the J
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vii.l JAVA. 89we were going to make
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VII.] JAVA. 91or ten of Rubiis, and
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VIII. 1 SUMATRA. 93neck are of an e
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VIII.] SUMATRA. 95abo\-e Palerabang
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VIII.] SUMATRA. 97little doubt, fro
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VIII.] SUMATRA. 99applies to the ma
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viii.] SUMATRA. 101from this radiat
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VIII.] SUMATRA. 103and give me a fi
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VIII.]SUMATRA. lOibut exquisitely s
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IX.] NATURAL HISTORY OF THE IXDO-MA
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IX.] NATURAL HISTORY OF THE INDO-MA
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IX.] NATURAL HISTORY OF THE INDO-MA
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IX.] XATURAL HISTORY OF THE IXDO-MA
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X.] BALI AXD LOMBOOK. 115Rhinoceros
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X.] BALI AXD LOMBOCK. 117for cuttin
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;X.] BALI AXD LOilBOCK. 119the aven
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X.] BALI AND LOMBOCK. T21of the gre
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X.] BALI AND LOMBOCK. 123tliese pes
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CUSTOMSXI.] LOMBOCK :OF THE PEOPLE.
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XI.] LOMBOCK : CUSTOMSOF THE PEOPLE
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CUSTOMSXI.] LOMBOCK :OF THE PEOPLE.
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CUSTOMSXI. 1LOMBOCK :OF THE PEOPLE.
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XII.] LOMBOCK: HOW THE KAJAH TOOK T
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HOWXIT.] LOMBOCK :THE RAJAH TOOK TH
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XIII.] TIMOK. 141"The needles which
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XIII.] TIMOR. 143not found at Coupa
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;XIII.] TIMOR. 145fort is only a mu
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XIII.] TIMOR. 147tions might be fou
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XIII.] TIMOR. Id9the eastern part o
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xiii.] TIMOR. 151protected jjeople
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XIII.] TIMOR. 153trees fall as comp
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xiY.] KATUKAL HISTOKY OF TIMOR. 151
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In Flores.
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XIV.] NATURAL HISTORY OF TBIOR. 159
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XIV.] NATURAL HISTORY OF TIMOR. 161
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XV.] CELEBES. 163house. The streets
Page 195 and 196: XV.] CELEBES. 165objection to go in
Page 197 and 198: ;XV.] CELEBES. 167door-step, and as
Page 199 and 200: 'XVI.] CELEBES. 169hour we started
Page 201 and 202: XV. 1CELEBES. 171words of Malay, an
Page 203 and 204: XV.] CELEBES. 173while a long bambo
Page 205 and 206: XVI.] CELEBES. 175CHAPTER XVI.CELEB
Page 207 and 208: XVI.] CELEBES. 177tropical vegetabl
Page 209 and 210: aXVI.] CELEBES. 179trees, and overs
Page 211 and 212: —XVI. 1CELEBES. 181heavy loads of
Page 213 and 214: ;XVI.] CELEBES. 183The geological s
Page 215 and 216: XVII.] CELEBES. 185CHAPTER XVII.CEL
Page 217 and 218: XVII.] CELEBES, 187port of Menado u
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Page 278 and 279: 246 THE ]\IALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.
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Page 287 and 288: XXIV.] BATCHIAN. 253known bird. The
Page 289 and 290: —XXIV.] BATCHIAK 255a written ord
Page 291 and 292: XXIV.] BATCHIAN. 257having a much g
Page 293 and 294: XXIV.] BATCHIAX. 259Butterflies wer
Page 295 and 296: XXIV.] BATCHIAN. 261individuals. Wh
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XXIV.] BATCHIAK 263in the Moluccas.
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XXIV.] BATCHIAK 265usual and except
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XXV.] CERAM, GORAM, AND THE MATABEL
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270 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.ve
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272 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.in
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—;I274 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [ch
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;276 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.p
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278 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap. x
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280 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap,Ce
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;282 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.i
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284 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.th
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286 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.of
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;288 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.i
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290 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.or
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292 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.tr
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294 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.we
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296 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.co
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298 THE :MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.s
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300 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.la
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302 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.pe
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304 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.Ob
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306 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap100
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xxvii.] THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE
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xxv-iii.] MACASSAR TO THE ARU ISLAN
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sxYiii.] MACASSAR TO THE ARU ISLAND
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xsviii.] MACASSAR TO THE ARU ISLAND
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—xxviii.] MACASSAR TO THE ARU ISL
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XXIX.] THE K6 islands. 317we rounde
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sxix.] THE Kf; ISLANDS. 319Mongolia
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iXXIX.] THE Kfi ISLA]SrDS. 321littl
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XXIX.] THE Kfi ISLANDS. 323himself
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—XXIX.] THE Kl: ISLANDS. 325leave
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XXX.] THE ARU ISLANDS.—RESIDENCE
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—XXX.] THE ARU ISLANDS.—RESIDEX
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NATIVES OF ARU SHOOTING THE GREAT B
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338 THE JIALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.r
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340 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.sa
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342 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.tl
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344 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [cHAf.Th
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.346 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [cnAP.t
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348 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.as
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350 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.pi
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"352 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.t
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354 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.I
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356 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.sc
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358 THE MALAY AECHIPELAGO. [chap.re
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360 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.ne
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362 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.fi
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—364 THE aiALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [cha
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366 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.fl
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868 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.cu
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370 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.pl
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372 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.ma
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374 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chaklev
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376 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.CH
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378 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.qu
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S80 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.fr
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382 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.to
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384 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.da
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386 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.Ar
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388 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.ha
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390 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.an
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CH. xsxv.] VOYAGE FROM CERAM TO AVA
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XXXV.] VOYAGE FROM CERAM TO WAIGIOU
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XXXV.] VOYAGE FROM CERAM TO WAIGIOU
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xxxT.] VOYAGE FROM CERAM TO AVAIGIO
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xxxYi.] WAIGIOU. 401house could be
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XXXVI.]that the weatherwas uniDrece
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xxxvi.] WAIGIOU. 405Sultan of Tidor
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Sxxxvi.] WAIGIOU.407severe knocks o
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sxxvi.] WAIGIOU. 409curious disease
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412 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.so
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iU THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.the
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416 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [cHAr.fo
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418 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [cuap.st
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XXXVIII.] THE BIRDS OF PARADISE. 41
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xxxviii.] THE CIKDS OF PARADISE. 42
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xxxviii.] THE BIRDS OF PARADISE. 42
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secondXXXVIII.] THE BIRDS OF PARADI
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xsxviii.] THE BIRDS OF PARADISE. 42
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—XXXVIII.] THE BIRDS OF PARADISE.
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XXXIX.] NATURAL HISTORY OF THE PAPU
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XL.] RACES OF MAN IN THE MALAY ARCH
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XL.] RACES OF MAX IX THE MALAY ARCH
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XL.] RACES OF MAX IX THE SLA.LAY AR
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'XL.] RACES OF MAN IN THE MALAY ARC
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APPENDIX.ON THE CRANIA AND THE LANG
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—APPE^'DIX. 461skull (70) in the
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—APPEXDIX. 463Having before had e
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APPENDIX. 465*9. Tomohon ;*10. Lang
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APPENDIX. 46745. Matabello.—Small
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.APPENDIX. 469OF THE Malay Akchipel
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APPENDIX. 471Languages of the Malay
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APPENDIX. 475Language? of the Malay
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.APPENDIX. 477Languages o? the Mala
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ArPEXDIX. 479Languages ofthe Malav
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INDEX.A.Abel, Dr. Clarke, his accou
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IXDEX. 499Batcliian, island of, 4 ;
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INDEX. 501specimens of, 29 ; the Om
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;INDEX. 503tion system, 196 ; femal
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INDEX. 505variety of, 265 ; of the
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;INDEX. 507Mahometan priest at DoLb
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INDEX. 509^Moluccas, tlie, 6 ; a fo
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";INDEX. 511Pelah, bad account of,
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;IXDEX. 513Snake on board, 267Snake
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•.INDEX. >15departure from, 360 ;
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University of British Columbia Libr
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^jl^^SlJ^'';
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