The Malay archipelago : the land of the orang-utan ... - Wallace Online

The Malay archipelago : the land of the orang-utan ... - Wallace Online The Malay archipelago : the land of the orang-utan ... - Wallace Online

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86 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. [chap.slopes of the main valley, and of its branches, were everywherecut in terraces up to a considerable height, and when theywound round the recesses of the hills produced all the effect ofmagnificent amphitheatres. Hundreds of square miles ofcountry are thus terraced, and convey a striking idea of theindustry of the people and the antiquity of their civilization.These terraces ai-e extended year by year as the populationincreases, by the inhabitants of each village working in concertunder the direction of their chiefs ; and it is perhaps by thissystem of A^illage culture alone, that such extensive terracingand irrigation has been rendered possible. It was probably introducedby the Brahmins from India, since in those Malaycountries where there is no trace of a previous occupation by acivilized j^eople, the terrace sj'stem is unknown. I first saw thismode of cultivation in Bali and Lombock, and. as I shall have todescribe it in some detail there (see Chapter X.), I need say nomore about it in tliis place, except that, owing to the finer outlinesand greater luxuriance of the country in West Java, itproduces there the most striking and picturesque efiect. Thelower slopes of the mountains in Java possess such a delightfulclimate and luxuriant soil ; living is so cheap and life andproperty are so secure, that a considerable number of Europeanswho have been engaged in Government service, settle permanentlyin the country instead of returning to Europe. Theyare scattered everywhere throughout the more accessible partsof the island, and tend greatly to the gradual improvement ofthe native population, and to the continued peace and prosperityof the whole country.Twenty miles beyond Buitenzorg the post road passes overthe Megamendong Mountain, at an ele^ation of about 4.500 feet.The country is finely mountainous, and tliere is much virginforest still left upon tlie hills, together with some of the oldestcofFee-plantations in Java, where the plants have attainedalmost the dimensions of forest trees. About 500 feet belowthe summit level of the pass there is a road-keeper's hut, half ofwhich I hired for a fortnight, as the country looked promisingfor making collections. I almost immediately found that thepi'oductions of West Java were remarkably different from thoseof the eastern part of the island ; and that all the more remarkableand characteristic Javanese birds and insects were tobe found here. On the very first day, my hunters obtained forme the elegant yellow and gi'een trogon(Harpactes Reinwardti),the gorgeous little minivet flycatcher (Pericrocotus miniatus),which looks like a flame of fire as it flutters among the bushes,and the rare and curious black and crimson oriole (Analcipussanguinolentus), all of them species which are found only inJa\-a, and even seem to be confined to its western portion. In aweek I obtained no less than twenty-four species of birds,which I had not found in the east of the island, and in a fortnightthis number increased to forty species, almost all of which

VII.] JAVA. 87are peculiar to the Javanese fauna. Large and handsomebutterflies were also tolerably abundant. In dark ravines, andoccasionally on the roadside, I captured the superb Papilioarjuna, whose wings seem powdered with grains of golden green,condensed into bands and moon-shajDed spots ; while the elegantly-formedPapilio coon was sometimes to be found flutteringslowly along the shady pathways (see figure at page 99). Oneday a boy brought me a butterfly between his fingers, perfectlyunhurt. He had caught it as it was sitting with wings erectCALLIPER BUTTERFLY.sucking up the liquid from a muddy spot by the roadside,^lany of the finest tropical butterflies have this habit, and theyare generally so intent upon their meal that they can be easilyapproached and cajotured. It proved to be the rare and curiousCharaxes kadenii, remarkable for having on each liind wingtwo curved tails like a pair of callipers. It was the only specimenI ever saw, and is still the only representative of its kindin English collections.In the east of Java I had suflered from tlie intense heat anddrought of the dry season, which had been very inimical to

VII.] JAVA. 87are peculiar to <strong>the</strong> Javanese fauna. Large and handsomebutterflies were also tolerably abundant. In dark ravines, andoccasionally on <strong>the</strong> roadside, I captured <strong>the</strong> superb Papilioarjuna, whose wings seem powdered with grains <strong>of</strong> golden green,condensed into bands and moon-shajDed spots ; while <strong>the</strong> elegantly-formedPapilio coon was sometimes to be found flutteringslowly along <strong>the</strong> shady pathways (see figure at page 99). Oneday a boy brought me a butterfly between his fingers, perfectlyunhurt. He had caught it as it was sitting with wings erectCALLIPER BUTTERFLY.sucking up <strong>the</strong> liquid from a muddy spot by <strong>the</strong> roadside,^lany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> finest tropical butterflies have this habit, and <strong>the</strong>yare generally so intent upon <strong>the</strong>ir meal that <strong>the</strong>y can be easilyapproached and cajotured. It proved to be <strong>the</strong> rare and curiousCharaxes kadenii, remarkable for having on each liind wingtwo curved tails like a pair <strong>of</strong> callipers. It was <strong>the</strong> only specimenI ever saw, and is still <strong>the</strong> only representative <strong>of</strong> its kindin English collections.In <strong>the</strong> east <strong>of</strong> Java I had suflered from tlie intense heat anddrought <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dry season, which had been very inimical to

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