Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials ...
Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials ... Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials ...
254 B. Zalba et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 23 (2003) 251–283Fig. 2. Classification of energy storage materials [1].which have been used, their classification, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages and thevarious experimental techniques used to determine the behaviour of these materials in melting andsolidification.2.1.1. Non-commercial/commercial materialsMany substances have been studied as potential PCMs, but only a few of them are commercialisedas so.Tables 1–6 present the different substances, eutectics and mixtures (inorganic, organic and fattyacids), that have been studied by different researchers for their potential use as PCMs. Some oftheir thermophysical properties are included (melting point, heat of fusion, thermal conductivityand density), although some authors give further information (congruent/incongruent melting,volume change, specific heat, etc.).Table 7 shows a list of the commercial PCMs available in the market with their thermophysicalproperties as given by the companies (melting point, heat of fusion and density), and the companywhich is producing them.2.1.2. Organic/inorganic materialsA comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of organic and inorganic materials is shownin Table 8.Notable among inorganic materials are hydrated salts and their multiple applications in thefield of solar energy storage [3,4]. In Chapter 1 of Lane [2] there is an extensive review of phasechange materials and especially hydrated salts. Chapter 3 of the same work covers the differenttypes of encapsulation and their compatibility with different materials.A significant number of authors have based their work on organic materials such as alkanes,waxes or paraffins [46–52]. Within organic materials, there is a class called MCPAM (Phasechange materials made up of molecular alloys), formed by alkane-based alloys which have the
Table 1Inorganic substances with potential use as PCMCompoundB. Zalba et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 23 (2003) 251–283 255Melting temperature(°C)Heat of fusion(kJ/kg)Thermal conductivity(W/m K)Density(kg/m 3 )H 2 O 0 [1,5] 333 [1] 0.612 (liquid, 20 °C) [1] 998 (liquid, 20 °C) [1]334 [5] 0.61 (30 °C) [5] 996 (30 °C) [5]917 (solid, 0 °C) [1]LiClO 3 3H 2 O 8.1 [6,7] 253 [6] n.a. 1720 [6]ZnCl 2 3H 2 O 10 [8] n.a. n.a. n.a.K 2 HPO 4 6H 2 O 13 [8] n.a. n.a. n.a.NaOH 3 1H 2 2O 15 [8] n.a. n.a. n.a.15.4 [7]Na 2 CrO 4 10H 2 O 18 [8] n.a. n.a. n.a.KF 4H 2 O 18.5 [1,6,7,9] 231 [1,6,9] n.a. 1447 (liquid, 20 °C) [1]1455 (solid, 18 °C) [1]1480 [6]Mn(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O 25.8 [18] 125.9 [10] n.a. 1738 (liquid, 20 °C) [10]1728 (liquid, 40 °C) [10]1795 (solid, 5 °C) [10]CaCl 2 6H 2 O 29 [4,11] 190.8 [4,11] 0.540 (liquid, 38.7 °C) 1562 (liquid, 32 °C) [4,11][4,11]29.2 [7] 171 [1,9] 0.561 (liquid, 61.2 °C) 1496 (liquid) [1][11]29.6 [6] 174.4 [12] 1.088 (solid, 23 °C) [4,11] 1802 (solid, 24 °C) [4,11]29.7 [1,9] 192 [6] 1710 (solid, 25 °C) [1]30 [8] 1634 [12]29–39 [12] 1620 [6]LiNO 3 3H 2 O 30 [6] 296 [6] n.a. n.a.Na 2 SO 4 10H 2 O 32.4 [1,7,9] 254 [1,9] 0.544 [1] 1485 (solid) [1]32 [13] 251.1 [12] 1458 [12]31–32 [12]Na 2 CO 3 10H 2 O 32–36 [12] 246.5 [12] n.a. 1442 [12]33 [6,7] 247 [6]CaBr 2 6H 2 O 34 [4,7,11] 115.5 [4,11] n.a. 1956 (liquid, 35 °C) [4,11]2194 (solid, 24 °C) [4,11]Na 2 HPO 4 12H 2 O 35.5 [8] 265 [12] n.a. 1522 [12]36 [12] 280 [6]35[6,9] 281 [9]35.2 [7]Zn(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O 36 [4,7,11] 146.9 [4,11] 0.464 (liquid, 39.9 °C)[4,11]1828 (liquid, 36 °C) [4,11]36.4 [1,9] 147 [1,9] 0.469 (liquid, 61.2 °C) [7] 1937 (solid, 24 °C) [4,11]2065 (solid, 14 °C) [1]KF 2H 2 O 41.4 [7] n.a. n.a. n.a.KðCH 3 COOÞ1 1H 2 2O 42 [8] n.a. n.a. n.a.K 3 PO 4 7H 2 O 45 [8] n.a. n.a. n.a.Zn(NO 3 ) 2 4H 2 O 45.5 [8] n.a. n.a. n.a.Ca(NO 3 ) 2 4H 2 O 42.7 [7] n.a. n.a. n.a.47 [8]Na 2 HPO 4 7H 2 O 48 [7] n.a. n.a. n.a.(continued on next page)
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254 B. Zalba et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 23 (2003) 251–283Fig. 2. Classificati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>energy</strong> <strong>storage</strong> <strong>materials</strong> [1].which have been used, their classificati<strong>on</strong>, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages and thevarious experimental techniques used to determine the behaviour of these <strong>materials</strong> in melting andsolidificati<strong>on</strong>.2.1.1. N<strong>on</strong>-commercial/commercial <strong>materials</strong>Many substances have been studied as potential PCMs, but <strong>on</strong>ly a few of them are commercialisedas so.Tables 1–6 present the different substances, eutectics and mixtures (inorganic, organic and fattyacids), that have been studied by different researchers for their potential use as PCMs. Some oftheir thermophysical properties are included (melting point, heat of fusi<strong>on</strong>, <strong>thermal</strong> c<strong>on</strong>ductivityand density), although some authors give further informati<strong>on</strong> (c<strong>on</strong>gruent/inc<strong>on</strong>gruent melting,volume <strong>change</strong>, specific heat, etc.).Table 7 shows a list of the commercial PCMs available in the market <strong>with</strong> their thermophysicalproperties as given by the companies (melting point, heat of fusi<strong>on</strong> and density), and the companywhich is producing them.2.1.2. Organic/inorganic <strong>materials</strong>A comparis<strong>on</strong> of the advantages and disadvantages of organic and inorganic <strong>materials</strong> is shownin Table 8.Notable am<strong>on</strong>g inorganic <strong>materials</strong> are hydrated salts and their multiple applicati<strong>on</strong>s in thefield of solar <strong>energy</strong> <strong>storage</strong> [3,4]. In Chapter 1 of Lane [2] there is an extensive review of <strong>phase</strong><strong>change</strong> <strong>materials</strong> and especially hydrated salts. Chapter 3 of the same work covers the differenttypes of encapsulati<strong>on</strong> and their compatibility <strong>with</strong> different <strong>materials</strong>.A significant number of authors have based their work <strong>on</strong> organic <strong>materials</strong> such as alkanes,waxes or paraffins [46–52]. Within organic <strong>materials</strong>, there is a class called MCPAM (Phase<strong>change</strong> <strong>materials</strong> made up of molecular alloys), formed by alkane-based alloys which have the
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