Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement ...

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QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SPORTS MOVEMENTS Olympic Association, which I was privileged to chair in the early years of the millennium, recognised this interdisciplinarity through the make-up of the group, which included notational analysts, sports biomechanists and motor skills specialists, together with coaches and performers. The various approaches used by movement analysts have focused on biomechanics, motor development or pedagogy, and have sometimes been cross-disciplinary. Previous work has included development approaches, for example looking at whole-body developmental sequences, as in the four stages of acquiring throwing skills, or adopting a ‘movement-component approach’, focusing on the legs, the arms or the trunk. More recent developments have included logical decision trees, as in Figure 2.1. The focus has varied in the various pedagogical approaches. Sometimes the observer has been recommended to attend to the temporal phases and spatial aspects of the movement. Other approaches have integrated various disciplines, have considered the pre-observation, observation and post-observation stages of analysis, and introduced the concept of critical features – those that contribute most to successful performance of the skill. The various biomechanical approaches have typically identified the critical features of a skill using ‘biomechanical principles’ (better called ‘movement principles’). These approaches include POSSUM – the Purpose-Observation System of Studying and Understanding Movement. In this approach, the movement is classified by its purpose, as in Figure 2.2(a), which is associated with ‘observable dimensions’ of the movement that the observer evaluates. In the example of Figure 2.2(a), the focus is a projectile – the whole body of a sports performer or an object, such as a shot. If the purpose is height, then the release or take-off is vertical; if the purpose is horizontal distance (range), the release is around 45° (but see Chapter 4 for further consideration of this point); if the purpose is speed, the release is nearly horizontal. The focus of the observer can be on the whole body or on specific body segments. This approach was extended around ten core concepts of ‘kinesiology’, as in Figure 2.2(b). Other biomechanical approaches have also tended to be based on a list of movement principles, for example Figure 2.2(c). It is instructive to compare such sets of principles, such as those Figure 2.1 Simplified logical decision tree approach to qualitative classification of fast bowling technique. 45
Figure 2.2 ‘Principles’ approach to qualitative analysis (adapted from Knudson and Morrison, 2002): (a) classifying movement by its purpose; (b) core concepts of kinesiology; (c) movement principles approach; (d) comprehensive approach to qualitative analysis (for outline of details of each stage, see Box 2.2).
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Introduction to Sports Biomechanics
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First edition published 1997 This e
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Contents List of figures x List of
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Study tasks 216 Glossary of importa
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FIGURES 1.26 Underarm throw - femal
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FIGURES 5.9 Typical path of a swimm
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Tables 2.1 Examples of slowest sati
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INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
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Figure 6.8 Main skeletal muscles: (
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INDEX 282 balls air flow past 173 b
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INDEX 284 energy 219 kinetic 219 mi
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INDEX 286 isokinetic contraction 24
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INDEX 288 muscle length-tension rel
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INDEX 290 three-dimensional 146-7,
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INDEX 292 validity 220 vantage poin
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