Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement ...

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MOVEMENT PATTERNS – THE ESSENCE OF SPORTS BIOMECHANICS Figure 1.24 Standing countermovement broad, or long, jump with hands on hips. Top left: starting position; top right: lowest point; bottom: take-off. indicator of how well the jumper had partitioned effort between the horizontal and vertical components of the jumps. We could do this by trying to observe the difference between the height of the jumper’s centre of mass – indicated roughly by the height of the hips – at take-off and at landing. The higher the take-off height above the landing height, the smaller the take-off angle should be. If the take-off and landing heights are equal, the optimum angle would be 45° (see also Chapter 4, page 145). 27
INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS Figure 1.25 Standing countermovement broad, or long, jump with normal arm action. Top left: starting position; top right: arms at highest point; bottom left: lowest point; bottom right: take-off. 28 Throwing This section focuses on the principles of those sports or events in which the participant throws, passes, bowls or shoots an object from the hand or, in the case of lacrosse, from an implement. Some, or all, of these principles relate to: throws from a circle – hammer and discus throws, shot put; crossover skills – javelin throw and cricket bowling; pitching in baseball and softball; shooting and passing movements in basketball, netball, handball, water polo and lacrosse; throwing-to skills – baseball, cricket, soccer, rugby, American and other variants of football; underarm bowling; and dart throwing. Some of these are used as examples in this section. As with other ballistic sports movements, many throws can be subdivided biomechanically into three phases: preparation, action and recovery. Each of these phases has specific biomechanical functions. The later phases depend upon the previous phase or phases. In a basic throw, such as those in Figures 1.26 to 1.28, the preparation phase puts the body into an advantageous position for the action phase and increases the acceleration path of the object to be thrown. In skilled throwers, the action phase demonstrates a sequential action of muscles as segments are recruited into the movement pattern at the correct time. The recovery
Page 2: Introduction to Sports Biomechanics
Page 5 and 6: First edition published 1997 This e
Page 8 and 9: Contents List of figures x List of
Page 10 and 11: Study tasks 216 Glossary of importa
Page 12 and 13: FIGURES 1.26 Underarm throw - femal
Page 14 and 15: FIGURES 5.9 Typical path of a swimm
Page 16 and 17: Tables 2.1 Examples of slowest sati
Page 18 and 19: Preface Why have I changed the cove
Page 20 and 21: Introduction MISSING TEXT The first
Page 22: INTRODUCTION principal movements in
Page 25 and 26: INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
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Page 69 and 70: Figure 2.2 ‘Principles’ approac
Page 91 and 92: Figure 2.13 Identifying critical fe
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INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
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Figure 6.8 Main skeletal muscles: (
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INDEX 282 balls air flow past 173 b
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INDEX 284 energy 219 kinetic 219 mi
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INDEX 286 isokinetic contraction 24
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INDEX 288 muscle length-tension rel
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INDEX 290 three-dimensional 146-7,
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INDEX 292 validity 220 vantage poin
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