Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement ...

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stress 220 stretch–shortening cycle 75, 76, 254, 255 studs 168, 170 styloid processes 235, 236 summation of internal forces 77 supination foot 226, 227 forearm 227 suprasternal notch 233, 235 surfaces, sports friction 170–1 impact forces 180 surfing 176 swimming buoyancy force 171–2 drag forces 175, 176 front crawl see front crawl swimming lift forces 177 videography 127 Swimming World Magazine 49 synergists, helping and true 247 synovial fluid 169, 238 synovial joints 238–40 synovial membrane 169, 238 systematic errors 126 table tennis ball 175, 179 take number 128 tangent (line) 112, 220 tangential velocity 220 task (biomechanical) constraints 72 telemetry 280 temporal processing, EMG signal 268–71 tendons 243, 248 tennis serve 78–80, 127–8 sliding during turns 170 tennis ball 179, 180 tennis racket 199 tenpin bowling 31 tetanus 249, 280 three-dimensional, defined 152 three-dimensional quantitative analysis calibration points 125, 131–3 hidden line removal 119 manual coordinate digitisation 122 problems and sources of error 125–6 reconstruction algorithms 131–3 recording procedures 130–3 vs two-dimensional 122–3 three-dimensional rotation 146–7, 148, 201 throwing 28–35 overarm 33–5 sidearm 32–3 underarm 29, 30, 31 thumb carpometacarpal joint 239, 240 movements 227–9 tibialis posterior muscle 245 time domain analysis 280 EMG signal 268–71 time series 86, 90–2, 93, 102–3, 112, 118 time synchronisation 127, 130–1 timing devices 131 topological equivalence 102, 106 topspin 178–9 torque 75, 164–5, 196 calculating 119–20 frictional 212 muscle see muscle torque track surfaces 170 traction 167, 168 increasing 170 reducing 168–9 starting, stopping and turning 170 trajectory 75 trampolining 200, 201 transducers, force 202, 203, 213 transient response 220 translation 88 transverse plane see horizontal plane trapezius muscle 244 treppe 250 triceps brachii muscle, EMG 266, 267 triple jump, videography 127, 129 tuberosities (tubercles) 235 turbulent flow 173, 174, 220 turning 170 turning points 112, 113 twist, airborne 200 two-dimensional, defined 152 two-dimensional motion 93 two-dimensional quantitative analysis problems and sources of error 123–4 recording procedures 126–30 vs three-dimensional 122–3 tyres 170–1 ulnar flexion (deviation) 226 unipennate muscles 245 unreliable data 107–9 unweighting 169, 170 INDEX 291
INDEX 292 validity 220 vantage points 53 variability 112 sources of 107–9 see also movement variability vectors 140–1, 157–62, 164 addition and subtraction 158–61 composition 158 multiplication 162 velocity 91–2, 118 velocity–time graph 187, 188 vertical axis 4 movements about 227 Vicon? 122 video cameras analog 118, 120 digital see digital video cameras videography defined 152 force plate studies 209 number of trials/performances 53 problems and sources of error 107–9, 123–6 for qualitative analysis 51–4 for quantitative analysis 116, 118, 120–33 three-dimensional recording 130–3 two-dimensional recording 126–30 two- vs three-dimensional 122–3 video recordings (clips) book’s website 8 qualitative analysis 35–6 still images from 8, 35–6 viscoelastic 248, 280 viscosity 172, 220 volleyball floating serve 180 spike 81 vertical jumping 186–8 wake 173, 174, 220 wake (pressure) drag 175–6 walking 9–13 angle–angle diagrams 101, 102 image sequences 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 phase planes 106 phases 9 water flow 173 water sports 176 wave drag 176 wave summation 249 weight 165–6 weighting 169–70 windsurfing 176 work–energy relationship 64–5, 78 wrist 237 yachts, racing 176, 177, 178
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Introduction to Sports Biomechanics
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First edition published 1997 This e
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Contents List of figures x List of
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Study tasks 216 Glossary of importa
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FIGURES 1.26 Underarm throw - femal
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FIGURES 5.9 Typical path of a swimm
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Tables 2.1 Examples of slowest sati
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Preface Why have I changed the cove
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Introduction MISSING TEXT The first
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INTRODUCTION principal movements in
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INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
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Figure 2.2 ‘Principles’ approac
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Figure 2.13 Identifying critical fe
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