Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement ...

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skin 124, 127 tracking systems 118, 122 mass 183 maximising the acceleration path 78 maximum torque 275 maximum torque position 275 maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) 268, 269, 279 means analysis 56 medial malleolus 235, 236 medial (internal) rotation 6, 7, 227 mediolateral plane see frontal plane metacarpophalangeal joints 239, 240 minimisation of energy used 76 minimisation of inertia 77, 194 minimum task complexity, principle of 77 models, optimal performance 57 moment, free 212 moment of a force 196 moment of ground contact force 210–12 moments of inertia 191–2 momentum 184 law of 192 Newton’s law 184, 185 motion analysis systems 118, 122 motion recording see recording, motion; videography motor action potential (MAP) 258 motor car racing 170–1, 175, 176 motor cycle racing 175, 176 motor end-plate 243, 279 motor unit 243, 279 recruitment 243, 250 stimulation rate 243, 250 summation, multiple 249–50 motor unit action potential (MUAP) 258 motor unit action potential train (MUAPT) 258 mountain climbing 170, 171 movement analysis constraints-led approach 8–9, 50, 71–2 data reliability issues 107–9 qualitative see qualitative movement analysis qualitative vs. quantitative 36–40 quantitative 36–7, 39–40 rationale 1–2 semi-quantitative 37 movement errors, diagnosing 55–6 movement patterns 35–6, 84–6 variability over time 107–9 movement plane 123, 127 INDEX movement principles 45–7 identifying critical features 59–72 least useful 60 partially general 47, 60, 77–8 specific 47, 60 universal 47, 60, 76–7 movements anatomy 225–31 causes of 163–222 critical features see critical features fundamental 8–35 fundamentals of 87–9 pathological 41 scientific terminology 3–4 movement variability 9, 107–9, 111 movers 246 multi-joint muscles 247 multipennate muscles 245 multi-segmental model 89 muscle(s) 241–56 activation 243 angle of pull 255–7 contractile component 247–8 elastic elements 247–8 electromyography 258–71 fascicles 241, 244 fatigue 249, 250–1, 271–2 force components 255–7 force–velocity relationship 252 group action 246–7 indeterminacy 264 naming 243–4 origin and insertion 241 pre-stretch 76, 250 redundancy 264 schematic model 247–8 shunt 256 spurt 256 stiffness 253 stretch–shortening cycle 75, 76, 254, 255 structural classification 244–5 structure 241–3 twitch 248–9 muscle contraction maximum voluntary (MVC) 268, 269, 279 mechanics 248–50 multiple motor unit summation 249–50 time 248, 249, 252 types 246 wave summation 249 muscle fibres 241–3 types 250–1 287
INDEX 288 muscle length–tension relationship 251 muscle tension development 248, 249, 250–2 EMG and 264 muscle tension–time relationship 252, 253 muscle torque 273 maximum 275 measurement 273–5 position, maximum 275 muscular endurance under isokinetic conditions 275–6 musculoskeletal system, human 225 myofibrils 241 natural frequency, force plate 207, 208–9, 210 needs analysis 49, 50–1, 56 neuromuscular junction 243, 279 neutralisers 247 New Studies in Athletics 50 Newton 165 Newton’s first law 184 Newton’s law of friction 167 Newton’s laws of linear motion 184 Newton’s second law 181, 184, 185 Newton’s third law 166, 184 noise (random errors) 126, 133–4 removal 134–7, 153–7 sources 124 normal force 166 normal stress 279 nutation 201 Nyquist sampling theorem 128, 203 objectivity 54, 55, 107–9 opposition, thumb 229 optical axis, camera 124, 127 organismic constraints 72 osteoblasts 234, 235 osteoclasts 235 osteocytes 232 panning, camera 133 parallax error 123–4 partition ratio 256 patella 234, 257 path line 172 pectoralis major muscle 244 pelvic girdle 279 movements 229–32 pennate (penniform) muscles 245 performance evaluation 54–5 ideal (model) 59 models of optimal 57 parameters or variables 61, 119 performance criterion 61, 62 objective 61 subjective 61, 72 perimysium 241, 243, 248 periosteum 234 peroneus longus muscle 256–7 perspective error 123–4 phase analysis 9, 61, 78–82 ballistic movements 78–80 long jump 62, 63 more complex movements 81–2 running 80–1 phase angle 103, 111 phase planes 86, 103–6, 111, 119 phase plot 111 photographic plane 123 piezoelectric 220 pilot protocols 51 pivot joints 239 pixels 121 planar motion 93 plane joints 238–9 planes of movement 3–4, 41, 225 plantar flexion 5, 225–6 plasticity 279 point model 87–8 points of inflexion 112, 114 stationary 114 polarisation 280 position–time graph 90–2 POSSUM 45, 46 posterior tilt, shoulder girdle 229 postures, reference 4, 5, 225 power, whole body 211, 213 power spectrum 280 pressure centre of see centre of pressure measurement 201, 213–15, 216 pressure drag 175–6 pressure plates/pads/insoles 213–14 pre-stretch 76, 250 prime movers 246 principles, movement see movement principles projectile 75 projectile motion 139–45 drag forces 175–6 optimum projection conditions 145 projection parameters 142–4 projection angle 75, 143, 144, 145
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Introduction to Sports Biomechanics
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First edition published 1997 This e
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Contents List of figures x List of
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Study tasks 216 Glossary of importa
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FIGURES 1.26 Underarm throw - femal
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FIGURES 5.9 Typical path of a swimm
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Tables 2.1 Examples of slowest sati
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Preface Why have I changed the cove
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Introduction MISSING TEXT The first
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INTRODUCTION principal movements in
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INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
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Figure 2.2 ‘Principles’ approac
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Figure 2.13 Identifying critical fe
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Page 259 and 260: INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
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Page 305 and 306: INDEX 282 balls air flow past 173 b
Page 307 and 308: INDEX 284 energy 219 kinetic 219 mi
Page 309: INDEX 286 isokinetic contraction 24
Page 313 and 314: INDEX 290 three-dimensional 146-7,
Page 315: INDEX 292 validity 220 vantage poin
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