Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement ...

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coordinative structures 96 coronal plane see frontal plane countermovement 41 cricket bowling 29, 34, 35, 176 throwing 30, 35 cricket ball 175, 176, 179 cricket bat 88–9, 199 critical features 61 approach 50 evaluation 54–5 identifying 59–72 long jump model 64, 66–71 prioritising 52, 55–6 scale or range of correctness 59 cross-sectional study 117, 151 crosstalk 205, 210, 214 cues, intervention 51 curling 31 curvature angular motion patterns 95–6, 114 linear motion patterns 91–2 curvilinear motion 87, 90 damping 219 damping ratios 207, 208 Dartfish 58, 90 dart throwing 30, 35 data errors 139 smoothing, filtering and differentiation 134–7, 153–7 data processing EMG 268–72 force plates 210–13 isokinetic dynamometry 275–6 pressure measuring devices 214–15 quantitative videography 133–9 decision tree approach 45 degrees of freedom 75 control of redundant 76–7, 96 deltoid muscle 245 depolarisation 279 depression, shoulder girdle 229 deterministic (hierarchical) modelling 61–71, 72, 75 principles 61–2 pros and cons 71 qualitative analysis of long jump 62–70 differentiation 279 digital, defined 151 digital low-pass filters see low-pass filters digital video cameras 38, 120–2 number 127, 129, 130 placement 126, 127, 128–30, 131 recording with see videography shutter speeds 52–3, 120 vantage points 53 digital videography see videography digitisation, coordinate 118, 122 digitising, defined 152 dimension 151 direct linear transformation (DLT) 131–3 discus throwing 30, 32 aerodynamics 145 forces influencing 175, 177, 178 displacement–time graph 90–2, 187, 188 diving 200, 201 dorsiflexion 5, 225–6 drag 219 drag forces 174, 175–7 dynamic response, force plates 206–9 dynamometry 279 isokinetic 273–6 eccentric contraction 246 eccentric force 196, 197 ecological motor learning 75 ecological validity 219 efficacy 75 elastic elements, muscle 247–8 elasticity 279 elbow 237, 239 electrical potential 279 electromyography (EMG) 258–71 amplifiers 261–3 average rectified 270 cables 260–1, 262 data processing 268–72 electrode placement 265, 266–7 electrodes 260, 261 experimental procedures 265–8 factors influencing signal 259–60 integrated 270 muscle tension and 264 power spectrum 271–2 recorders 263 root mean square 270 signal generation/recording 259 smooth, rectified 269, 270–1 elevation, shoulder girdle 229, 230 elite athlete template approach 59 EMG see electromyography endomysium 241, 248 INDEX 283
INDEX 284 energy 219 kinetic 219 minimisation 76 potential 220 environmental constraints 72 epicondyles 235, 236 epimysium 241–3, 248 equilibrium 219 neutral 219 stable 220 unstable 220 errors diagnosis 55–6 isokinetic dynamometry 273 motion recording 107–9, 123–5 processed data 139 ethical issues 52, 118 EVa RealTime 122 event synchronisation 127, 130–1 eversion 226 evidence-based practice 49 excitability 241 experimental study designs 117 extension 5, 6, 225 horizontal 6, 8, 227 thumb 228, 229 external rotation see lateral rotation fan-shaped muscles 244, 245 fatigue, muscle 249, 250–1, 271–2 fatigue index 275–6 feedback 56–8 augmented 56, 58 fibrocartilage 238 field rate see sampling rate flat bones 234 flexion 5, 6, 225 horizontal 6, 8, 227 lateral 226, 227 plantar 5, 225–6 radial 226 thumb 228, 229 ulnar 226 flexor digitorum profundus muscle 244 flexor hallucis longus muscle 245 flow, laminar and turbulent 173, 174 fluid dynamic forces 172–7 fluid mechanics 172 focal length 126–7 force(s) calculating 119–20 combinations 180–3 in equilibrium 171, 180–1 exerted by muscle 255–7 internal and external 165 measurement 201–11 in sport 164–80 transducers 202, 203, 213 see also specific forces force couple 195–6 force locking 167, 170 force plates 186, 201–13, 219 crosstalk 205, 210 data processing 210–13 dynamic response 206–9 experimental procedures 209–10 guideline values 208 hysteresis 204, 205 linearity 203, 204 natural frequency 207, 208–9, 210 range 204, 205 sensitivity 204, 205 force systems 180–3 concurrent 182 general 182–3 linear (collinear) 182 parallel 182, 183 planar 182 spatial 182 force–time graphs 185, 186–8, 187 form locking 167, 168, 170 forward tilt, pelvis 229–30, 231 Fourier series truncation 134–6, 154–5 fractures 235–7 free body diagram 167, 168, 180, 219 free moment 212 freeze-frame playback 120 frequency domain analysis 271–2, 279 frequency ratio, force plate 207, 208 frequency response, EMG amplifiers 263 friction 166–71 coefficients 167–8 effects of contact materials 170–1 increasing 169–70 pulley 171 reducing 168–9 starting, stopping and turning 170 frontal axis 4 movements about 225–6 frontal plane 4 movements 226, 227 front crawl swimming 57 lift forces 177, 179 phase analysis 81–2
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Introduction to Sports Biomechanics
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First edition published 1997 This e
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Contents List of figures x List of
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Study tasks 216 Glossary of importa
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FIGURES 1.26 Underarm throw - femal
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FIGURES 5.9 Typical path of a swimm
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Tables 2.1 Examples of slowest sati
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Preface Why have I changed the cove
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Introduction MISSING TEXT The first
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INTRODUCTION principal movements in
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INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
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Figure 2.2 ‘Principles’ approac
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Figure 2.13 Identifying critical fe
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Page 255 and 256: INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
Page 265 and 266: Figure 6.8 Main skeletal muscles: (
Page 305: INDEX 282 balls air flow past 173 b
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Page 311 and 312: INDEX 288 muscle length-tension rel
Page 313 and 314: INDEX 290 three-dimensional 146-7,
Page 315: INDEX 292 validity 220 vantage poin
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