Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement ...

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THE ANATOMY OF HUMAN MOVEMENT Depolarisation A reduction in the potential of a membrane. Differentiation Expresses the rate at which a variable changes with respect to the change in another variable on which it has a functional relationship. Dynamometry The measurement of force or torque output; used as an estimate of muscular strength. Elasticity The property of a material to return to its original size and shape. See also plasticity and viscoelastic. Electrical potential The voltage across a membrane at steady-state conditions. Frequency domain An analysis technique whereby the power of the signal is plotted as a function of the frequency of the signal. See also power spectrum and time domain. Impedance (electrical) The ratio of voltage to electric current; a measure of opposition to time-varying electric current in an electric circuit. Sometimes identical to resistance. Isokinetic exercise An exercise in which concentric muscle contraction moves a limb against a device that is speed controlled. Isometric Muscle action in which tension develops but there is no visible or external change in joint position; no external work is produced. See also isometric exercise. Isometric exercise An exercise that loads the muscle in one joint position. Isotonic Muscle contraction in which tension is developed either by the lengthening (eccentric) or shortening (concentric) of muscle fibres. See also isotonic exercise. Isotonic exercise An exercise in which an eccentric and or concentric muscle contraction is generated to move a specified weight through a range of motion. Lag The number of data points by which a time series is shifted when one is calculating a cross-correlation with another time series or an autocorrelation with the same, but lagged, time series. Loose-packed position The joint position with less than maximal contact between the articular surfaces and in which contact areas frequently change. See also closepacked position. Maximal voluntary contraction The maximal force that is exerted by a muscle during a static contraction against an immovable resistance. Motor end-plate A flattened expansion in the sarcolemma of a muscle that contains receptors to receive expansions from the axonal terminals; also called the neuromuscular junction. Motor unit A motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates. Neuromuscular junction Region where the motor neuron comes into close contact with (innervates) skeletal muscle; also called the motor end-plate. Normal stress The load per cross-sectional area applied perpendicular to the plane of cross-section of an object. See also shear stress. Pelvic girdle The two hip bones plus sacrum, which can be rotated forwards, backwards and laterally to optimise positioning of the hip joint. Plasticity Refers to the condition of connective tissue (ligaments or tendons) that has been stretched past its elastic limit and will no longer return to its original shape. See also elasticity and viscoelastic. 279
INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS 280 Polarisation Resting potential of a membrane. Power spectrum The spectral density of a signal is a way of measuring the strength of the different frequencies that form the signal. See also frequency domain. Reflex Involuntary response to a stimulus. Resistance A measure of the extent to which an object, such as the skin, opposes the passage of an electric current. Sometimes identical to impedance. Shear stress The load per cross-sectional area applied parallel to the plane of crosssection of the loaded object. See also normal stress. Telemetry Automatic transmission and measurement of data from remote sources by radio or other remote means. Tetanus State of muscle producing sustained maximal tension resulting from repetitive stimulation. Time domain A variable that is presented as a function of time (a time series). See also frequency domain. Viscoelastic A material that exhibits non-linear properties on a stress–strain curve. See also elasticity and plasticity. FURTHER READING Baltzopoulos, V. (2007) Isokinetic dynamometry, in C.J. Payton and R.M. Bartlett (eds) Biomechanical Evaluation of Movement in Sport and Exercise, Abingdon: Routledge. Chapter 6 provides a comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of all aspects of isokinetic dynamometry. Basmajian J.V. and De Luca, C.J. (1985) Muscles Alive: Their Functions Revealed by Electromyography, Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. This is a classic text in its fifth edition, although the sixth edition is now far too long overdue. You should be able to find a copy in your university library. Chapters 12 to 17 provide a vivid description of the actions of muscles as revealed by electromyography, and are highly recommended. Other chapters cover, for example, motor control, fatigue and posture, but are now rather out of date. Burden, A.M. (2007) Surface electromyography, in C.J. Payton and R.M. Bartlett (eds) Biomechanical Evaluation of Movement in Sport and Exercise, Abingdon: Routledge. Chapter 5 provides an up-to-date coverage of many aspects of electromyography related to sports movements. Hermens, H.J., Freriks, B., Merletti, R., Stegeman, D., Blok, J., Rau, G., Disselhorst-Klug., C. and Hägg, G. (1999) SENIAM: European Recommendations for Surface Electromyography, Entschede: Roessingh Research and Development. The most recent attempt to standardise procedures for electromyography. A very valuable reference source although it is spoilt somewhat by typographical, punctuation and grammatical errors and is rather turgid. There are also some bizarre omissions of superficial muscle placement sites, such as those for all the muscles that originate in the forearm; however, the placement sites recommended are very useful for both students and researchers. Marieb, F.N. (2003) Human Anatomy and Physiology, Redwood City, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. See Chapters 6 to 10. Many anatomy and physiology texts will contain supplementary information about, for example, the attachment points and actions of specific muscles. This one is a highly recommended and readable text with glorious colour illustrations.
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Introduction to Sports Biomechanics
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First edition published 1997 This e
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Contents List of figures x List of
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Study tasks 216 Glossary of importa
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FIGURES 1.26 Underarm throw - femal
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FIGURES 5.9 Typical path of a swimm
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Tables 2.1 Examples of slowest sati
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Preface Why have I changed the cove
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Introduction MISSING TEXT The first
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INTRODUCTION principal movements in
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INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
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Figure 2.2 ‘Principles’ approac
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Figure 2.13 Identifying critical fe
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Page 265 and 266: Figure 6.8 Main skeletal muscles: (
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Page 305 and 306: INDEX 282 balls air flow past 173 b
Page 307 and 308: INDEX 284 energy 219 kinetic 219 mi
Page 309 and 310: INDEX 286 isokinetic contraction 24
Page 311 and 312: INDEX 288 muscle length-tension rel
Page 313 and 314: INDEX 290 three-dimensional 146-7,
Page 315: INDEX 292 validity 220 vantage poin
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