Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement ...

THE ANATOMY OF HUMAN MOVEMENT
(a) Identify the joint’s class and the number of axes of rotation (non-axial, uniaxial,
biaxial or triaxial).
(b) Name and demonstrate all the movements at that joint.
(c) Estimate – from observation only – the range (in degrees) of each movement.
(d) Seek to identify the location of the axis of rotation for each movement and
find a superficial anatomical landmark or landmarks (usually visible or palpable
bony landmarks) that could be used to define this location – for example, you
may find the flexion–extension axis of the shoulder to lie 5 cm inferior to the
acromion process of the scapula.
Hint: You should reread the sections on ‘The body’s movements’ (pages 225–32),
‘The skeleton and its bones’ (pages 232–7) and ‘The joints of the body’ (pages
237–41) before and while undertaking this task. You will also find information on
the location of joint axes of rotation from anatomical landmarks in Box 6.2.
2 Have your experimental partner demonstrate the various movements of:
(a) The shoulder joint; observe carefully the accompanying movements of the
shoulder girdle (scapula and clavicle) throughout the whole range of each
movement
(b) The pelvis; observe the associated movements at the lumbosacral joint and the
two hip joints.
Hint: You should reread the section on ‘The body’s movements’ (pages 225–32)
before undertaking this task.
3 Name the types of muscular contraction, demonstrating each in a weight-training
activity, such as a biceps curl, and palpate the relevant musculature to ascertain
which muscles are contracting.
Hint: You may wish to reread the subsections on ‘Types of muscle contraction’
(page 246) and ‘Group action of muscles’ (pages 246–7) and consult relevant
material on muscle origins and insertions and prime mover roles of muscles on this
book’s website, or relevant sections in Marieb, 2003 (see Further Reading, page
280), before and while undertaking this task.
4 With reference to Figure 6.8 and using your experimental partner, locate and
palpate all the superficial muscles in Figure 6.8. By movements against a light
resistance only, seek to identify each muscle’s prime mover roles.
Hint: You may wish to consult the material on muscle origins and insertions and
prime mover roles of muscles on this book’s website, or relevant sections in Marieb,
2003 (see Further Reading, page 280), before and while undertaking this task.
5 (a) How does the information contained in each of the time domain processed
EMG signals differ from that in the raw EMG? What additional information
might this provide for the sports biomechanist and what information might be
lost?
(b) Outline the uses of the EMG power spectrum and the applications and
limitations of the various measures used to describe it.
Hint: You may wish to consult the section on ‘EMG data processing’ (pages 268–72)
before undertaking this task.
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