Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement ...

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Figure 6.5 The skeleton. THE ANATOMY OF HUMAN MOVEMENT with a wide range of densities and porosities. It can be classified as a composite material in which the strong but brittle mineral element is embedded in a weaker but more ductile one consisting of collagen and ground substance. Like many similar but inorganic composites, such as carbon-reinforced fibres, which are important in sports 233
INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS 234 equipment, this structure gives a material whose strength to weight ratio exceeds that of either of its constituents. With the exception of the articular surfaces, bones are wholly covered with a membrane known as the periosteum. This has a strong outer layer of fibres of a protein, collagen, and a deep layer that produces cells called osteoblasts, which participate in the growth and repair of the bone. The periosteum also contains capillaries, which nourish the bone, and it has a nerve supply. It is sensitive to injury and is the source of much of the pain from fracture, bone bruises and shin splints. Muscles generally attach to the periosteum, not directly to the bone, and the periosteum attaches to the bone by a series of root-like processes. Classification of bones Bones can be classified according to their geometrical characteristics and functional requirements, as follows. The surface of a bone Long bones occur mostly in the appendicular skeleton and function for weightbearing and movement. They consist of a long, central shaft, known as the body or diaphysis, the central cavity of which consists of the medullary canal, which is filled with fatty yellow marrow. At the expanded ends of the bone, the compact shell is very thin and the trabeculae are arranged along the lines of force transmission. In the same region, the periosteum is replaced by smooth, hyaline articular cartilage. This has no blood supply and is the residue of the cartilage from which the bone formed. Examples of long bones are the humerus, radius and ulna of the upper limb, the femur, tibia and fibula of the lower limb, and the phalanges (Figure 6.5). Short bones are composed of cancellous tissue and are irregular in shape, small, chunky and roughly cubical; examples are the carpal bones of the hand and the tarsal bones of the foot. Flat bones are basically a sandwich of richly veined cancellous bone within two layers of compact bone. They serve as extensive flat areas for muscle attachment and, except for the scapulae, enclose body cavities. Examples are the sternum, ribs and ilium. Irregular bones are adapted to special purposes and include the vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ischium and pubis. Sesamoid bones form in certain tendons; the most important example is the patella (the kneecap). The surface of a bone is rich in markings that show its history; some examples are shown in Figure 6.6. Some of these markings can be seen at the skin surface and many
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Introduction to Sports Biomechanics
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First edition published 1997 This e
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Contents List of figures x List of
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Study tasks 216 Glossary of importa
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FIGURES 1.26 Underarm throw - femal
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FIGURES 5.9 Typical path of a swimm
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Tables 2.1 Examples of slowest sati
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Preface Why have I changed the cove
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Introduction MISSING TEXT The first
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INTRODUCTION principal movements in
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INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
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Figure 2.2 ‘Principles’ approac
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Figure 2.13 Identifying critical fe
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Page 265 and 266: Figure 6.8 Main skeletal muscles: (
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INDEX 284 energy 219 kinetic 219 mi
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INDEX 286 isokinetic contraction 24
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INDEX 288 muscle length-tension rel
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INDEX 290 three-dimensional 146-7,
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INDEX 292 validity 220 vantage poin
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